español term (edited): excluyente

I think this is referring to personal responsibility r.e. subordinates following the orders of their superiors. I assume you are translating: http://suprema-corte.vlex.com.mx/vid/jurisprudencial-primera...

I.e. Subordinates following orders are only exempt from responsibility if acting lawfully rather than criminally.

"In its judgment in the Margen case in 1950, the Supreme Court of the Philippines held: “Obedience to an order of a superior gives rise to exemption from criminal liability only when the order is for some lawful purpose.”
https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_rul...

Rome Statute: "This Statute shall apply equally to all persons without any distinction based on official capacity. In particular, official capacity as a Head of State or Government, a member of a Government or parliament, an elected representative or a government official shall in no case exempt a person from criminal responsibility under this Statute, nor shall it, in and of itself, constitute a ground for reduction of sentence."
http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/3.htm

español term (edited): excluyente de responsabilidad

I agree with Holly's interpretation of the context grosso modo, but I'm not sure "exemption" is strictly correct (exclusion, possibly?). Perhaps some of our legal minds can set us straight on this.

In addition, there is an ellipsis here that for which you need to translate the phrase "[circunstancia] excluyente de responsabilidad" instead.

circunstancia excluyente de responsabilidad > exculpatory circumstance; in criminal law, circumstance which exonerates the accused party from criminal liability.
Javier F. Becerra, Dictionary of Mexican Legal Terminology.

CUMPLIMIENTO DE UN DEBER EN EJECUCION DE ORDEN SUPERIOR, EXCLUYENTE DE RESPONSABILIDAD INOPERANTE DE
FULFILLMENT OF A DUTY TO CARRY OUT A SUPERIOR ORDER, INVALID EXCULPATORY CIRCUMSTANCE OF

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Note added at 12 hrs (2016-10-21 18:27:07 GMT)
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Sorry, mistranslated that line, it should be:
FULFILLMENT OF A DUTY IN CARRYING OUT A SUPERIOR ORDER,...