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inglés al catalán: The Common European Asylum System and the reception conditions for asylum seekers and refugees in Europe General field: Ciencias sociales Detailed field: Org./Desarr./Coop. Internacional
Texto de origen - inglés
The Common European Asylum System and the reception conditions for asylum seekers and refugees in Europe
Barcelona, 9 June 2016
María de Zabala Hartwig
Protection Unit UNHCR –Spain
I. The Common European Asylum System (CEAS).
The Common European Asylum System (CEAS) was first set up in 1999 with the entry into Force of the Amsterdam Treaty . In the framework of the establishment of an area of freedom, security and justice, as established in the said Treaty, a common policy on asylum was recognized as a key component.
Since the setup of the CEAS, steps have been taken towards establishing a common asylum system in Europe. The Tampere European Council in 1999 agreed to work on what was called the 1st asylum package. This first package included the following instruments:
• Council Regulation Nº 43/2003 which establishes the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State that is responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States, by a third country national or a stateless person. (The Dublin Regulation)
• Council Regulation Nº 2725/ 2000 concerning the establishment of EURODAC for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of the Dublin Convention. (The EURODAC Regulation)
• Council Directive 2005/ 85/ EC on minimum standards on procedures in Member States for granting and withdrawing refugee status. (The Asylum Procedures Directive – APD)
• Council Directive 2004/ 83/ EC on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals or stateless persons as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and the content of the protection granted. (The Qualification Directive-QD)
• Council Directive 2003/ 9/ EC laying down minimum standards for the reception of asylum seekers. (The Reception Conditions Directive – RCD)
Later, the Hague Program included the evaluation of the first instruments and the development of 2nd phase instruments to be completed between 2004 and 2009. Finally, the Stockholm European Council reiterated these commitments to be fulfilled no later than 2014.
The adoption on 24 April 2013 of the amended text of the APD and the EURODAC Regulation by the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs in the European Parliament (LIBE Committee) was followed by the rapid adoption of the whole new legislative package or “Recast asylum package”. The Council of Europe adopted the Asylum Package on 8 June and on 12 June the European Parliament in Strasbourg voted it in plenary.
Negotiations to adopt the Recast package have been long and complicated. Some opportunities were missed to fill gaps and clarify dispositions that are too wide, complex and problematic in law and practice and a lot has been left to interpretation which will most probably have to be settled at judicial level (in the Court of Justice of the European Union –CJEU-). Nevertheless, its adoption has been an important step towards the CEAS as it reduces discretion by Member States in several aspects.
The Recast asylum package is composed of the following:
It has to be noted that, while regulations are directly applicable once they enter into force after 6 months, directives have to be transposed in a 2 year period and, if not transposed, they will also be directly applicable. According to this, all Recast requirements are currently in force and directives, if not transposed yet into national legislation, are of direct application.
The current state of play has been established through the EC Communication issued on 6 April 2016 called “Towards a Reform of the Common European Asylum System and Enhancing Legal Avenues to Europe” .
The Communication puts forward 5 priorities:
• The establishment of a sustainable and fair asylum system through amendments to the Dublin Regulation.
• The reinforcement of the EURODAC System.
• The achievement of greater convergence in the EU Asylum System through amendments to the Qualification Directive (QD), the Asylum Procedures Directive (APD) and the Reception Conditions Directive (RCD).
• The prevention of secondary movements.
• The transformation of the European Asylum Support Office (EASO) into an EU Asylum Agency.
The announced legislative proposals together with a proposal for an EU Structured Resettlement Programme have been issued in July and are now pending negotiation.
Finally, it has to be underlined as a crucial aspect of the above described system that, as established in all EU treaties and legislation, the Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951 and the Protocol of 31 January 1967 relating to the status of refugees, cornerstone of the international protection regime, are the basis of the CEAS, and also part of the EU Acquis. In this sense, the Treaty for the functioning of the European Union (TFEU) urges for the adoption of measures in the field of asylum that are in compliance with the 1951 Geneva Convention and that provide a uniform refugee status valid throughout the EU, a uniform subsidiary protection status and common procedures to grant or withdraw these statuses.
Furthermore, the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights incorporates in its article 18 the right to asylum stressing that it shall be guaranteed with due respect for the rules of the 1951 Geneva Convention.
II. The Reception Conditions Directive.
One of the main instruments of the CEAS is the Reception Conditions Directive (RCD), officially the Directive 2013/ 33/ EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013, laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection (Recast) .
The RCD lays down standards to be applied by all Member States for the reception of all applicants for international protection that are authorized to remain in the territory of the Member State.
It establishes rules for the provision (and also the withdrawal) of material reception conditions including housing, food and clothing and daily expenses allowance and includes the duty for Member States to provide information and documentation valid for as long as asylum seekers are authorized to remain in the Member State. The RCD establishes also the right to access the labour market and it regulates the applicants’ right to access health care, education and vocational training.
UNHCR annotated comments to the RCD recast identifies, on the positive side, the fact that the Directive does no longer establish minimum standards as was the case with the former Directive, and in compliance with Article 78 (2) (f) , of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).
UNHCR remarks also the special attention provided to detention, with an extensive regulation regarding when detention of applicants can take place and what conditions have to be observed. Member States have to establish in law, the grounds for detention and no detention can follow for the sole reason that the person is an applicant for international protection. In general, the new mandatory provisions around detention of applicants for international protection contain important improvements especially through the introduction of several essential guarantees and procedural safeguards mostly for vulnerable persons, including unaccompanied and separated children.
Finally, the Recast RCD includes more detailed provisions regarding the reception of vulnerable persons and reduces the waiting period for applicants to access the labour market to 9 months since the application was lodged.
The Recast RCD is also a lost opportunity in certain aspects. The possibility to detain in a procedure to determine the right to enter territory is problematic, in UNHCR’s view. Also, the exclusion of unaccompanied married minors whose wife is not present in EU from the definition of family members may be in contradiction with the best interest of the child principle. The introduction of a merits test as a precondition to access free legal assistance and representation in the event of reduction or withdrawal of reception conditions may also be contrary to the EU Charter. The possibility to prioritise legally resident third –country nationals in the access to the labour market, if not clearly defined under national law, could become a serious obstacle to it.
Finally, the possibility to reduce or withdraw reception conditions in the event of subsequent applications, could lead to a direct violation of the Directive’s aim to ensure an adequate standard of living to applicants for international protection if not properly implemented in practice.
III. Special reference to the provisions about vulnerable groups.
As outlined before, the RCD includes specific provisions regarding vulnerable groups. As outlined in para. 14 of the Preamble, the reception of persons with special reception needs should be a primary concern for national authorities.
The list of vulnerable persons in article 21 includes: minors, unaccompanied minors, disabled people, elderly people, pregnant women, single parents with minor children, and victims of human trafficking, persons with serious illnesses, persons with mental disorders, and persons that have been subject to torture, rape or other serious form of psychological, physical or sexual violence, such as victims of Female Genital Mutilation.
This list is non-exhaustive and other groups as LGBTI persons, hearing or visibility impaired persons or illiterate persons that are not mentioned should also be considered to be included, among others that could also present special needs.
Under the specific provisions for vulnerable cases, the Best Interest of the Child as a primary consideration when implementing the RCD is stressed. Furthermore, in case of unaccompanied children, the appointment of a representative has to be ensured as soon as possible, specific housing arrangements have to be in place, family tracing is set as a priority and the training of professionals dealing with these children is stressed.
In the case of victims of torture and violence access to adequate treatment shall be ensured and again the training of professionals is stressed.
Finally, the RCD addresses the need for Member States to undertake a special needs assessment of applicants for their accommodation within reasonable time after the application is made, adding that needs have to be addressed even if they become apparent at a later stage and that the support provided for applicants with special needs should be ensured throughout the duration of the asylum procedure and include regular monitoring.
IV. Reference to the current reception situation of applicants for international protection and refugees in Europe.
Despite the described efforts to harmonise reception conditions in the EU under the CEAS, significant differences in standards remain.
Besides, refugee flows are largely unpredictable by nature, and this characteristic requires an adequate contingency planning that allows for a rapid and coordinated response in large influx situations, avoiding at the same time an excessive resort to emergency accommodation and a widespread use of detention as we are currently witnessing in the EU.
The rise in worldwide protection needs in the last years that has had also its reflection in Europe has shown this clearly .
Besides, it is especially in these high influx situations, where identifying vulnerable persons, undertaking adequate special needs assessments and addressing these needs becomes crucial to avoid gaps in protection and the exposure to further risks and violations of basic rights of those most in need of protection.
The described situation can trigger the loss of confidence of persons in need of protection in national asylum systems and be, together with other factors like having family links in other countries or the believe that certain countries provide better integration opportunities, at the root of the large secondary movements we are facing in Europe.
Madrid, September 2016
Bibliography:
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2012/C 326/02). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12012P/TXT&from=EN
Council Directive 2005/ 85/ EC on minimum standards on procedures in Member States for granting and withdrawing refugee status. (The Asylum Procedures Directive – APD). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2005:326:0013:0034:EN:PDF
Council Directive 2004/ 83/ EC on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals or stateless persons as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and the content of the protection granted. (The Qualification Directive-QD). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32004L0083:en:HTML
Council Directive 2003/ 9/ EC laying down minimum standards for the reception of asylum seekers. (The Reception Conditions Directive – RCD). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:031:0018:0025:EN:PDF
Council Regulation Nº 43/2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third country national or a stateless person. (The Dublin Regulation). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:050:0001:0010:EN:PDF
Council Regulation Nº 2725/ 2000 concerning the establishment of EURODAC for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of the Dublin Convention. (The EURODAC Regulation). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000R2725:EN:HTML
Directive 2013/32/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013, on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection (recast). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013L0032&from=en
Directive 2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011, on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of the protection granted (recast). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:337:0009:0026:en:PDF
Directive 2013/33/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection (recast). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013L0033&from=en
Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013, establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person (recast). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:180:0031:0059:EN:PDF
Regulation (EU) No 603/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013,on the establishment of 'Eurodac' for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person and on requests for the comparison with Eurodac data by Member States' law enforcement authorities and Europol for law enforcement purposes, and amending Regulation (EU) No 1077/2011 establishing a European Agency for the operational management of large-scale IT systems in the area of freedom, security and justice (recast). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:180:0001:0030:EN:PDF
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The Hague Programme: Strengthening Freedom, Security and Justice in the European Union: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2005:053:0001:0014:EN:PDF
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union – Protocols - Annexes - Declarations annexed to the Final Act of the Intergovernmental Conference which adopted the Treaty of Lisbon, signed on 13 December 2007, Official Journal C 326 , 26/10/2012 P. 0001 – 0390. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12012E/TXT&from=EN
UN General Assembly, Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 189, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3be01b964.html
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015, 20 June 2016, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/57678f3d4.html
UN General Assembly, Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 31 January 1967, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 606, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3ae4.html
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), UNHCR Annotated Comments to Directive 2013/33/EU of the European Parliament and Council of 26 June 2013 laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection (recast), April 2015, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/5541d4f24.html
Traducción - catalán
El Sistema Europeu Comú d’Asil i les condicions d’acollida per sol·licitants d’asil a Europa.
Barcelona, 9 Juny 2016
María de Zabala Hartwig
Unitat de Protecció ACNUR –Espanya
I. El sistema europeu comú d’asil (SECA)
El sistema europeu comú d’asil (SECA) es va configurar al 1999 amb l’entrada en vigor del tractat d’Amsterdam , en el marc regulatori d’un espai de llibertat, seguretat i justícia, tal i com es va establir al tractat, es va acordar una política comú amb l’asil com a component clau.
Des de la creació de SECA, s’han anat prenent mides per establir un sistema comú d’asil a Europa. El Consell Europeu de Tampere va acordar el 1999, de treballar en el que s’anomenaria el 1er Pla d’Asil. Aquest primer pla incloïa els següents instruments:
• Reglament de Consell N° 43/ 2003 el qual estableix els criteris i els mecanismes per determinar l’Estat Membre que és responsable per avaluar sol·licituds de protecció internacional presentat en un Estat Membre, per països tercers o per una persona apàtrida. (el Conveni de Dublín)
• Reglament de Consell N° 275/ 2000 sobre la creació de EURODAC per una aplicació efectiva d’un sistema de comparació d’empremtes dactilars en el Conveni de Dublín. (el reglament d’EURODAC)
• Directiva de Consell 2005/ 85/ EC en estàndards mínims en procediments en Estats Membres per la concessió i retirada de condicions de refugiats. (Directiva sobre Procediments d’Asil – DPA)
• Directiva de Consell 2004/ 83/ EC en estàndards mínims per la qualificació i condició de països tercers o persones apàtrides com refugiats o com persones que es troben en situació de necessitar protecció internacional i el contingut de les garanties de protecció. (Directiva de Qualificació – DQ)
• Directiva de Consell 2003/ 9/ EC per establir estàndards mínims per l’acollida de sol·licitants d’asil. (Directiva de Condicions d’Acollida – DCA)
Més tard, el programa de la Haia va incloure l’avaluació dels primers instruments i el desenvolupament d’una segona fase per ser completats entre el 2004 i el 2009. Finalment, el Consell Europeu d’Estocolm va reiterar que aquest compliment es complís el 2014 com a molt tardar.
L’aprovació del text modificat del DPA el 24 d’abril del 2013 i el reglament del EURODAC pel Comitè de Llibertats Civils, Justícia i d’Afers Interiors (Comitè LIBE) va ser acompanyat per la ràpida adopció d’un nou pla legislatiu global o “Pla d’asil modificat”. El Consell Europeu va aprovar el Pla d’Asil el 8 de juny i el 12 de juny el Parlament Europeu d’Estrasburg el va aprovar en votació plenària.
Les negociacions per aprovar el Pla modificat han sigut llargues i complicades. Algunes oportunitats es van perdre per poder omplir buits i clarificar disposicions que eren massa amples, complexes i problemàtiques en llei i pràctica, i molt s’ha deixat per interpretar que pel més segur que s’haurà de resoldre a nivell judicial (al la Cort de Justícia de la Unió Europea – CJUE). Tot i això, la seva provació ha sigut un pas important envers la SECA i redueix criteri d’Estats Membres en diversos aspectes.
El Pla d’Asil Modificat es composa del següent:
• Reglament III de Dublín (n°604/ 2013)
• Reglament EURODAC (n°603/ 2013)
• Directiva de Reglament d’Asil (2013/ 32/ UE)
• Directiva de Qualificació (2011/ 95/ UE)
• Directiva de Condicions d’Acollida (2013/ 33/ UE)
S’ha de tenir en compte que , mentre que els reglaments són aplicats directament un cop entren en vigor després de 6 mesos, la directiva ha de ser transposada en un període de 2 anys, si no és transposada, igualment s’aplicarà directament. D’acord amb això, tots els requeriments del Pla estan en vigor i la directiva, si no ha sigut transposada encara en una legislació nacional, serà aplicada directament.
L’estat actual d’acció s’ha establert a través del CE de Comunicació expedida el 6 d’abril del 2016 anomenada “Envers una reforma del Sistema Europeu Comú d’Asil i Millora de les Vies Legals per Europa” .
La Comunicació formula 5 prioritats:
• La creació d’un sistema d’asil sostenible i just a través de modificacions del Reglament de Dublín.
• El reforçament del sistema d’EURODAC.
• L’assoliment d’una millor confluència en el sistema d’Asil de la UE a través de modificacions de la Directiva de Qualificació (DQ), Directiva de Procediments d’Asil (DPA) i la Directiva de Condicions d’Acollida (DCA).
• La prevenció de moviments secundaris.
• La transformació de la Oficina Europea de Suport d’Asil (OESA) en una Agència d’Asil de la UE.
Les propostes legislatives anunciades juntament amb una proposta per un Programa d’Ubicació Estructurat de la UE, va ser emès al juliol i està pendent de negociació.
Finalment, s’ha de ressenyar com a un aspecte crucial sobre el sistema que aquí es descriu què, així com està establert a totes les legislacions i tractats de la UE, la Convenció de Ginebra del 28 de juliol del 1951 i el Protocol del 31 de Gener del 1967 referent l’estatut dels refugiats, el fonament del regim de protecció internacional, són les bases del SECA, i també part de la UE Acquis. En aquest sentit, el Tractat pel Funcionament de la Unió Europea (TFUE) insta per l’adopció de mesures a l’àmbit d’asil que estan en compliment amb la Convenció de Ginebra del 1951 i que proveeix una condició de refugiat vàlida a tota la UE, una protecció subsidiària uniforme i procediments comuns per concedir o retirar aquestes condicions.
Així mateix, l’Estatut dels Drets Fonamentals de la UE incorpora en el seu article 18 el dret d’asil recalcant que s’ha de garantir respectant els reglaments de la Convenció de Ginebra del 1951.
II. La Directiva de Condicions d’Acollida
Un dels instruments principals del SECA és la Directiva de Condicions d’Acollida (DCA), oficialment la Directiva 2013/ 33/ UE del Parlament Europeu i del Consell del 26 de juny del 2013, establint estàndards per la recepció de sol·licitants de protecció internacional (Modificat) .
El DCA estableix estàndards per ser aplicats a tots els Estats Membres en la recepció de tots els sol·licitants de protecció internacional que estan autoritzats a romandre en territori dels Estats Membres.
Estableix reglaments per la provisió (i també per la retirada) de material de condicions d’acollida incloent-hi habitatge, menjar i roba i prestacions econòmiques per despeses diàries i inclou el deure de l’Estat Membre d’avituallar informació i documentació vàlida mentre els sol·licitants d’asil estiguin autoritzats a romandre l’Estat Membre. El DCA estableix també el dret a accedir al mercat laboral i regula els drets dels sol·licitants a un servei d’assistència sanitària, educació i formació vocacional.
Els comentaris anotats del ACNUR (Alt Comissionat de les Nacions Unides per els Refugiats) al Pla Modificat del DCA identifica, pel costat positiu, el fet de que la Directiva ja no estableixen els estàndards mínims com era el cas amb la Directiva antiga, i amb el compliment de l’Article 78 (2) (f), del Tractat en el Funcionament de la Unió Europea (TFUE)
L’ACNUR també assenyala l’especial atenció que es proporciona a la detenció, amb un reglament molt extens sobre quan es pot portar a terme la detenció d’un sol·licitant i quines condicions s’han d’avaluar. Els Estats Membres han d’establir per llei, els motius per una detenció i una “no-detenció” que es podria donar pel sol fet de que la persona fos un sol·licitant de protecció internacional. En general, les disposicions obligatòries sobre detencions de sol·licitants de protecció internacional contenen millores importants especialment a través de la introducció de varies garanties essencials i garanties processals principalment per persones vulnerables, incloent-hi menors no acompanyats.
Finalment, el Pla Modificat del DCA inclou més provisions detallades respecte la recepció de persones vulnerables i redueix el temps d’espera dels sol·licitants per accedir al mercat laboral a 9 mesos des del moment de la presentació de l’aplicació.
El Pla Modificat del DCA és també un cas de pèrdua d’oportunitats en alguns aspectes. Segons l’ACNUR, la possibilitat de detenir en un procediment que determina el dret a entrar en un territori és problemàtica. També l’exclusió de menors casats que no van acompanyats, situació en la qual la definició de la UE sobre membres de família pot estar en contradicció amb els millors interessos dels principis del menor. La introducció de tests de mèrits com a condició prèvia per accedir a una assistència i representació legal en el cas de reducció o retirada de condicions d’acollida, pot ser també contradictori amb l‘estatut de la UE. La possibilitat de prioritzar legalment ciutadans de països tercers en l’accés al mercat laboral, si no es defineix clarament sota la llei nacional, pot esdevenir un obstacle molt seriós.
Finalment, la possibilitat de reduir o retirar les condicions d’acollida en el cas de sol·licituds successives, podria portar a una violació directa de la directiva que te l’objectiu d’assegurar uns estàndards adequats de vida pels sol·licitants de protecció internacional, si no s’implementen adequadament en la practica.
III. Referència especial a les provisions per a grups vulnerables.
Com s´ha resumit abans, el DCA inclou provisions específiques referent a grups vulnerables. Com es resumeix al paràgraf 14 del preàmbul, l’acollida de persones en situació vulnerable, ha de ser d’interès prioritari per les autoritats nacionals.
La llista de persones vulnerables de l’article 21 inclou: menors, menors no acompanyats, persones discapacitades, gent gran, dones embarassades, pares monoparentals amb menors, víctimes del tràfic de persones, persones amb malalties serioses, persones amb malalties mentals, persones que han sigut sotmeses a tortura, violacions o algun altre tipus de violència psicològica, física o sexual, com per exemple víctimes de Mutilació Genital Femenina.
Aquesta llista no és exhaustiva i altres grups com per exemple LGBTI, discapacitats auditius o visuals i analfabets que no es mencionen, haurien de considerar la seva inclusió ja que també podrien necessitar ajuda especial.
Sota les provisions específiques per a casos de vulnerabilitat, es recalca la importància de tenir els millors interessos per els menors com a consideració prioritària. Així mateix, en el cas de menors no acompanyats, es posa èmfasi a la importància d’assegurar un delegat immediatament, una disposició d’habitatge adequada, prioritzar la recerca de familiars i la formació adequada per a professionals que hagin de tractar amb aquests menors.
En el cas de víctimes de tortura i violència, també s’insisteix en la necessitat de facilitar l’accés a un tractament adequat i una formació especial pels professionals.
Finalment, la DCA subratlla la necessitat de realitzar un estudi de les necessitats d’habitatge pels sol·licitants en un temps raonable des de la data de petició, afegint que aquestes necessitats han de ser mencionades tot i que siguin evidents posteriorment, i que la assistència a sol·licitants amb necessitat especials estigui assegurada durant tot el període que perduri l’asil.
IV. Referència a la situació actual de recepció de sol·licitants de protecció internacional i refugiats a Europa.
Tot i els esforços descrits per harmonitzar les condicions d’acollida a la UE sota la SECA, encara queden diferències significants en els estàndards.
A més, el flux d’immigrants és molt impredictible per naturalesa, i aquesta característica requereix un pla de contingència adequat que permeti una resposta rapida i coordinada en una situació de gran influx, evitant a l’hora un temps de resolució excessiu en cas de necessitat urgent d’habitatge i un us de detenció generalitzat com el que estem presenciant actualment a la UE.
Això es mostra clarament en l’augment de la protecció de necessitats a nivell mundial en els darrers anys que també es veu reflectit a Europa .
A més, és en aquestes situacions de gran influx en que identificar persones en situació vulnerable, portar a terme exàmens per avaluar i resoldre les necessitat especials, que es fa crucial evitar carències en la protecció, riscs afegits i violacions dels drets basics per aquelles persones en situació de més necessitat.
La situació descrita pot portar a la falta de confiança en les persones en necessitat de protecció en sistemes nacionals d’asil i, juntament amb altres factors com tenir vincles familiars a altres països o la creença de que uns països determinats poden oferir millor oportunitats d’integració, és l’arrel d’un moviment secundari que estem afrontant ara a Europa.
Madrid, setembre 2016
Bibliografia:
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2012/C 326/02). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12012P/TXT&from=EN
Council Directive 2005/ 85/ EC on minimum standards on procedures in Member States for granting and withdrawing refugee status. (The Asylum Procedures Directive – APD). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2005:326:0013:0034:EN:PDF
Council Directive 2004/ 83/ EC on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals or stateless persons as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and the content of the protection granted. (The Qualification Directive-QD). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32004L0083:en:HTML
Council Directive 2003/ 9/ EC laying down minimum standards for the reception of asylum seekers. (The Reception Conditions Directive – RCD). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:031:0018:0025:EN:PDF
Council Regulation Nº 43/2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third country national or a stateless person. (The Dublin Regulation). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:050:0001:0010:EN:PDF
Council Regulation Nº 2725/ 2000 concerning the establishment of EURODAC for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of the Dublin Convention. (The EURODAC Regulation). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000R2725:EN:HTML
Directive 2013/32/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013, on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection (recast). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013L0032&from=en
Directive 2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011, on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of the protection granted (recast). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:337:0009:0026:en:PDF
Directive 2013/33/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection (recast). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013L0033&from=en
Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013, establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person (recast). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:180:0031:0059:EN:PDF
Regulation (EU) No 603/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013,on the establishment of 'Eurodac' for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person and on requests for the comparison with Eurodac data by Member States' law enforcement authorities and Europol for law enforcement purposes, and amending Regulation (EU) No 1077/2011 establishing a European Agency for the operational management of large-scale IT systems in the area of freedom, security and justice (recast). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:180:0001:0030:EN:PDF
Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:11997D/TXT&from=EN
The Hague Programme: Strengthening Freedom, Security and Justice in the European Union: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2005:053:0001:0014:EN:PDF
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union – Protocols - Annexes - Declarations annexed to the Final Act of the Intergovernmental Conference which adopted the Treaty of Lisbon, signed on 13 December 2007, Official Journal C 326 , 26/10/2012 P. 0001 – 0390. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12012E/TXT&from=EN
UN General Assembly, Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 189, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3be01b964.html
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015, 20 June 2016, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/57678f3d4.html
UN General Assembly, Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 31 January 1967, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 606, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3ae4.html
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), UNHCR Annotated Comments to Directive 2013/33/EU of the European Parliament and Council of 26 June 2013 laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection (recast), April 2015, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/5541d4f24.html
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Formación en el ámbito de la traducción
Master's degree - University of Exeter
Experiencia
Años de experiencia: 17 Registrado en ProZ.com: Jan 2015 Miembro desde Sep 2016
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Bio
I have been working as a freelance and a contracted translator since 2010 and graduated with a Masters in Translation from the University of Exeter, UK, in 2014. Since 2012 I have been collaborating as a volunteer translator with Café Babel and The Rosetta Foundation translating articles and documents for NGO’s such Feed the World, NIDOS, Fundación Adsis and Asil.cat Network.
Furthermore, I am a qualified TEFL teacher and for the last
two years I have been teaching English as a foreign language to all levels; Business,
Beginners and Intermediates. I have also worked with young learners in a school
with children between 4 and 12 years old.
I have some experience of project management, having originally trained in PRINCE2 and now apply the methodology (at an appropriate level) to all projects I am involved in. The first project I used formal project management was at 3M, where I ran a project to implement a new Account Payment System. From initiation to final delivery I managed activities in phases making good use of the project management tools ie. Risks and benefits reviews.
I more recently applied the methodology when I managed the design, printing and distribution od the “End of Degree Show” of my graduating year as well as organising a public exhibition at a London gallery, which included identifying the appropriate gallery, sourcing the works of all 14 artists involved and managing all the marketing. Agreeing the project scope at the outset is most important!
Throughout all of this work I have been using and became experienced at several computer software packages, including web-based management systems, Microsoft Office and computer assisted translation software such TRADOS.