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español al inglés: University assignment (extract): Detailed field: Economía
Texto de origen - español Como cabía esperar, el aumento de la ocupación extranjera ha repercutido favorablemente en el total de afiliaciones a la Seguridad Social, hasta el punto que cerca de un 45% de las altas registradas en los últimos cuatro años corresponde a trabajadores foráneos. Este proceso se ha intensificado notablemente a raíz del proceso de normalización de 2005, tal como puede apreciarse en el gráfico anterior. En líneas generales, los datos de la afiliación por sectores coinciden con los resultados de la encuesta de población activa, pero con la ventaja de ofrecer un grado de concreción superior, indicado en el gráfico siguiente.
Llegados a este punto, las preguntas pertinentes son: ¿ha sido beneficioso este proceso para la economía española?, ¿lo será en el futuro? En una primera aproximación al tema debemos partir de una constatación: casi la mitad del empleo creado en los últimos cinco años se ha nutrido de trabajadores extranjeros. Por consiguiente, podemos suponer en principio que su contribución al crecimiento del PIB en dicho quinquenio (un 3,1% medio anual, en términos reales) habrá sido muy significativa. Más allá de dicho efecto, es indudable que el aumento de la población laboral ha comportado un incremento de la recaudación asociada a la imposición del trabajo (principalmente por la vía de las cotizaciones sociales), aunque no hay que olvidar que dicho colectivo se convierte también en beneficiario de las prestaciones (sanitarias, desempleo, asistenciales, etc.) reconocidas a la población general. Por otra parte, dado que el empleo extranjero se ha concentrado principalmente en sectores donde la oferta de empleo nacional parece escasa, es muy probable que, como señala el Banco de España, la inmigración haya contribuido a suavizar la rigidez de dicha oferta, limitando la aparición de tensiones inflacionistas, en un mercado laboral que adolece todavía de un elevado desempleo estructural (integrado principalmente por las personas que no tienen incentivos para optar a los puestos de trabajo que ocupan los inmigrantes) y una reducida movilidad del factor trabajo.
Traducción - inglés As could be expected, the increase in immigrant workers has also increased the total number of registrations with Social Security, to the extent that around 45% of registering persons in the last four years were foreign workers. This process has intensified since the beginning of the regularization programme in February 2005, as can be observed in the previous graph. Generally speaking, the data on Social Security registrations by sector coincide with the results of the Labour Force Survey and offer a higher degree of precision (see graph below).
Having reached this point, some important questions must be addressed: has Spain’s economy benefitted from this process of immigration and, will it benefit in the future? In beginning to look at this matter, we must start by stating that almost half of the jobs created in the last five years have been filled by immigrant workers. Therefore, in theory, we can imagine that their contribution to GDP growth during this period (real annual growth was 3.1%) must have been very significant. In addition to this impact, there is no doubt that the increase in labour force has led to an increase in the volume of taxes collected (mainly through Social Security contributions). However, it must be remembered that this group also receives the State benefits (health, unemployment and social assistance for example) granted to the population at large. On the other hand, given that foreign labour has been concentrated primarily in sectors with a scarce supply of local labour, it is very likely, as Banco de España (Spain’s Central Bank) points out, that immigration has helped to reduce the rigidity of that local supply and has limited the occurrence of inflationary tensions. This is significant for a labour market like Spain’s that still suffers from high structural unemployment (mainly people not wanting the kind of posts held by foreign workers) and reduced flexibility in labour input.
francés al inglés: University assignment (extract): General field: Ciencias sociales Detailed field: Economía
Texto de origen - francés Malgré la contradiction apparente, ces constatations ne 'n’interdisent pas de revenir à l’affirmation initiale qui me tient à cœur, à savoir la continuité progressive de l’activité industrielle, globalement considérée dans la cadre de telle ou telle économie nationale. Le courant industriel ne s’interrompt pas, il tend de lui-même à l’expansion. Si les échecs et les retombées sont une règle, les départs vigoureux en sont une autre. L’ensemble est une addition, peut-on dire, de plus et de moins. Je soutiens qu’à la moindre faveur extérieure – une mesure gouvernementale heureuse, un marché qui s’ouvre, une conjoncture bénéfique à la hausse, une concurrence qui s’efface – l’ensemble progresse. Ma thèse est sous le signe de l’optimisme. Et sur ce point j’imagine sans trop d’artifice que T.J. Markovitch qui est de loin le meilleur connaisseur de l’histoire industrielle de la France, du XVIIIe siècle à nos jours, m’apporte son appui. Il a divisé la masse des industries françaises en trois sections: les nouvelles dont la poussée bouscule, entraîne tout ; les déclinantes qui tiennent encore leur rôle ; et les stagnantes qui sont à bout de course. Ce schéma retient en somme l’explication de Walter Hoffmann et le croquis que j’emprunte à l’ouvrage de Markovitch est, à ce propos, suffisamment parlant : le mouvement industriel est sous la dépendance de la novation et, au terme de ces explications rapides, nous retrouvons les positions d’économistes tels que Mensch, qu’André Piatier et sans aucun doute beaucoup d’autres : la novation, secret de jouvence de l’industrie, récompense de la technique intelligente et nécessaire.
Resterait à expliquer les décadences elles-mêmes, le besoin récurrent de la cure de jouvence, les raisons de ces fluctuations régulières qui, finalement, dessinent le destin de l’industrie. Evidemment, hier, à l’époque d’un historien aussi scrupuleux et informé que Henri Sée, le temps de l’observation s’empruntait à la politique : que se passait-il sous la Restauration ? Sous la Monarchie de Juillet, sous le second Empire, sous la Troisième République ?
Traducción - inglés In spite of the apparent contradiction, these observations do not prevent us from going back to my initial statement about considering the progressive continuity of industrial activity, which is generally examined within the context of a given national economy. Industrial movement is not broken and leans towards expansion. If company failures and declines are one rule, dynamic startups are another, which means there is no significant increase in the number of companies. I maintain that, in response to the slightest external advantage – be it a favourable governmental policy, the opening up of a market, optimal economic circumstances or the elimination of competition - industrial activity on a whole progresses. My theory takes an optimistic approach and I imagine, without being too forward, that T J Markovitch (who is by far the expert on 18th century French industrial history) will support me on this issue. Markovitch divided all French industrial companies into three categories: the new companies which shoot ahead carrying everything along with them; the declining companies which still play a part; and the stagnant companies which have reached the end of the line. This outline retains much of Walter Hoffman’s explanation and the rough outline I took from Mokovitch’s work on this matter is fundamentally this: industrial movement is dependent on innovation. Economists such as Mensch, André Piatier and many others no doubt, are of the view that innovation is the key to the industry’s rejuvenation, it is the reward of ingenious technique and it is necessary.
However, the declines themselves still need to be explained, as well as the reoccurring need for rejuvenation and the reasons for this regular instability which, in the end, shape the industry’s destiny. Of course in the past, in the time of a historian as meticulous and well informed as Henri Sée, what happened in a given era was influenced by politics: consider what happened under the Restoration, the July Monarchy, the Second Empire and the Third Republic.
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