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Translation glossary: AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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Catalytic RNA (ribozyme)A natural or synthetic RNA molecule that cuts an RNA substrate. 
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CationA positively charged ion. 
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cDNADNA synthesized from an RNA template using reverse transcriptase. 
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cDNA libraryA library composed of complementary copies of cellular mRNAs 
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Cellular oncogene (proto-oncogene)A normal gene that when mutated or improperly expressed contributes to the development of cancer 
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Centers of originUsually the location in the world where the oldest cultivation of a particular crop has been identified. 
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Central dogmaFrancis Crick\'s seminal concept that in nature genetic information generally flows from DNA to RNA to protein. 
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CentrifugationSeparating molecules by size or density using centrifugal forces generated by a spinning rotor 
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CentromereThe central portion of the chromosome to which the spindle fibers attach during mitotic and meiotic division. 
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ChemotherapyA treatment for cancers that involves ad- ministering chemicals toxic to malignant cells. 
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ChloramphenicolAn antibiotic that interferes with protein synthesis. 
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ChromatidEach of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome joined at the centromere during mitosis and meiosis. 
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ChromosomeA single DNA molecule, a tightly coiled strant of DNA, condensed into a compact structure in vivo by complexing with accessory histones or histone-lik 
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Chromosome walkingWorking from a flanking DNA marker, overlapping clones are successively identified that span a chromosomal region of interest 
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CistronA DNA sequence that codes for a specific polypeptide; a gene 
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CloneAn exact genetic replica of a specific gene or an entire organism 
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CloningThe mitotic division of a progenitor cell to give rise to a population of identical daughter cells or clones 
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Coat protein (capsid)The coating of a protein that enclosed the nucleic acid core of a virus. 
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CodonA group of three nucleotides that specifies addition of one of the 20 amino acids during translation of an mRNA into a polypeptide 
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Coenzyme (cofactor)An organic molecule, such as a vitamin, that binds to an enzyme and is required for its catalytic activity. 
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CofactorSee Coenzyme. 
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ColonyA group of identical cells (clones) derived from a single progenitor cell. 
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CommensalismThe close association of two or more dissimilar organisms where the association is advantageous to one and doesn\'t affect the other(s) 
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CompetencyAn ephemeral state, induced by treatment with cold cations, during which bacterial cells are capable of uptaking foreign DNA. 
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Complementary DNA or RNAThe matching strand of a DNA or RNA molecule to which its bases pair 
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Complementary nucleotidesMembers of the pairs adenine-thymine, adenine-uracil, and guaninecytosine that have the ability to hydrogen bond to one another 
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ConcatemerA DNA segment composed of repeated sequences linked end to end. 
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ConjugationThe joining of two bacteria cells when genetic material is transferred from one bacterium to another. 
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Constitutive promoterAn unregulated promoter that allows for continual transcription of its associated gene 
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Contiguous (contig) mapThe alignment of sequence data from large, adjacent regions of the genome to produce a continuous nucleotide sequence across a chromosomal region 
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Copy DNASee cDNA. 
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Cross-hybridizationThe hydrogen bonding of a single- stranded DNA sequence that is partially but not entirely complementary to a singlestranded substrate 
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Cross-pollinationFertilization of a plant from a plant with a different genetic makeup. 
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Crossing-overThe exchange of DNA sequences between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. 
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CultureA particular kind of organism growing in a laboratory medium. 
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Cyclic AMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)A second messenger that regulates many intracellular reactions by transducing signals from extracellular growth factors to cellular metabolic pathways 
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CytogeneticsStudy that relates the appearance and behavior of chromosomes to genetic phenomenon. 
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DaltonA unit of measurement equal to the mass of a hydrogen atom, 1.67 x 10E-24 gram/L (Avogadro\'s number). 
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Death phaseThe final growth phase, during which nutrients have been depleted and cell number decreases 
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DenatureTo induce structural alterations that disrupt the biological activity of a molecule 
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Density gradient centrifugationHigh-speed centrifugation in which molecules \"float\" at a point where their density equals that in a gradient of cesium chloride or sucrose 
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Deoxyribonucleic acidSee DNA, nuclease. 
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DiabetesA disease associated with the absence or reduced levels of insulin, a hormone essential for the transport of glucose to cells. 
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Dideoxynucleotide (didN)A deoxynucleotide that lacks a 3\' hydroxyl group, and is thus unable to form a 3\'-5\' phosphodiester bond necessary for chain elongation 
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didNSee Dideoxynucleotide. 
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DigestTo cut DNA molecules with one or more restriction endonucleases. 
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Diploid cellA cell which contains two copies of each chromosome 
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Directional cloningDNA insert and vector molecules are digested with two different restriction enzymes to create noncomplementary sticky ends at either end of each restr 
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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)An organic acid and polymer composed of four nitrogenous bases--adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine linked via intervening units of phosphate and 
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DNA diagnosisThe use of DNA polymorphisms to detect the presence of a disease gene. 
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