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Translation glossary: AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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Gene expressionThe process of producing a protein from its DNA- and mRNA-coding sequences. 
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Gene flowThe exchange of genes between different but (usually) related populations. 
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Gene frequencyThe percentage of a given allele in a population of organisms 
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Gene insertionThe addition of one or more copies of a normal gene into a defective chromosome. 
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Gene linkageThe hereditary association of genes located on the same chromosome. 
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Gene modificationThe chemical repair of a gene\'s defective DNA sequence 
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Gene poolThe totality of all alleles of all genes of all individuals in a particular population. 
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Gene splicingCombining genes from different organisms into one organism 
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Gene translocationThe movement of a gene fragment from one chromosomal location to another, which often alters or abolishes expression. 
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Genetic assimilationEventual extinction of a natural species as massive pollen flow occurs from another related species and the older crop becomes more like the new crop 
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Genetic codeThe three-letter code that translates nucleic acid sequence into protein sequence 
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Genetic diseaseA disease that has its origin in changes to the genetic material, DNA 
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Genetic driftRandom variation in gene frequency from one generation to another. 
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Genetic engineeringThe manipulation of an organism\'s genetic endowment by introducing or eliminating specific genes through modern molecular biology techniques 
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Genetic linkage mapA linear map of the relative positions of genes along a chromosome 
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Genetic markerA gene or group of genes used to \"mark\" or track the action of microbes. 
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GenomeThe genetic complement contained in the chromosomes of a given organism, usually the haploid chromosome state. 
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Genomic libraryA library composed of fragments of genomic DNA 
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GenotypeThe structure of DNA that determines the expression of a trait 
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GenusA category including closely related species 
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GEOGenetically engineered organism. 
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Germ cellReproductive cell 
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Germ cell (germ line) gene therapyThe repair or re- placement of a defective gene within the gamete-forming tissues, which produces a heritable change in an organism\'s genetic constit 
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GMOGenetically modified organism. 
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Green revolutionAdvances in genetics, petrochemicals, and machinery that culminated in a dramatic increase in crop productivity during the third quarter of the 20th c 
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Growth curveSee Growth phase. 
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Growth factorA serum protein that stimulates cell division when it binds to its cell-surface receptor. 
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Growth phase (curve)The characteristic periods in the growth of a bacterial culture, as indicated by the shape of a graph of viable cell number versus time 
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Haploid cellA cell containing only one set, or half the usual (diploid) number, of chromosomes. 
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HemophiliaAn X-linked recessive genetic disease, caused by a mutation in the gene for clotting factor VIII (hemophilia A) or clotting factor IX (hemophilia B), 
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HerbicideAny substance that is toxic to plants; usually used to kill specific unwanted plants. 
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HeterochromatinDark-stained regions of chromosomes thought to be for the most part genetically inactive. 
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HeteroduplexA double-stranded DNA molecule or DNA-RNA hybrid, where each strand is of a different origin. 
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Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)The name originally given to large RNA molecules found in the nucleus, which are now known to be unedited mRNA transcripts, or pre-mRNAs 
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HGHSee Human growth hormone. 
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hnRNASee Heterogeneous nuclear RNA. 
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Homologous chromosomesChromosomes that have the same linear arrangement of genes--a pair of matching chromosomes in a diploid organism 
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Homologous recombinationThe exchange of DNA fragments between two DNA molecules or chromatids of paired chromosomes (during crossing over) at the site of identical nucleotide 
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HomozygoteAn organism whose genotype is characterized by two identical alleles of a gene 
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HostAn organism that contains another organism 
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Human Genome ProjectA project coordinated by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Department of Energy (DOE) to determine the entire nucleotide sequence of the 
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Human growth hormone (HGH, somatotrophin)A protein produced in the pituitary gland that stimulates the liver to produce somatomedins, which stimulate growth of bone and muscle. 
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HybridThe offspring of two parents differing in at least one genetic characteristic (trait) 
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HybridizationThe hydrogen bonding of complementary DNA and/or RNA sequences to form a duplex molecule 
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HybridomaA hybrid cell, composed of a B Iymphocyte fused to a tumor cell, which grows indefinitely in tissue culture and is selected for the secretion of a spe 
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Hydrogen bondA relatively weak bond formed between a hydrogen atom (which is covalently bound to a nitrogen or oxygen atom) and a nitrogen or oxygen with an unshar 
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HydrolysisA reaction in which a molecule of water is added at the site of cleavage of a molecule to two products. 
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Immortalizing oncogeneA gene that upon transfection enables a primary cell to grow indefinitely in culture 
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In situRefers to performing assays or manipulations with intact tissues. 
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In vivoRefers to biological processes that take place within a living organism or cell. 
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