This classification of food groups, very widely applied in Spain, is no longer used very in the UK or (as far as I know) the US, but it used to be common and is still found. It is commonly used a number of Commonwealth countries.

The three categories broadly mean carbohydrates and fats (energéticos), protein foods (plásticos, also called constructores) and fruit and vegetables (reguladores), and that scheme is most common nowadays in the UK. The US Department of Agriculture food plate or food circle has four categories, fruits, vegetables, grains and protein.
https://www.choosemyplate.gov/

However, the groups are still sometimes labelled in this way, and these categories don't coincide precisely with the protein/fruit and vegetable/carbohydrate scheme, so I think I would translate the Spanish terms like this.

First, to understand what the Spanish terms mean, this is useful:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rueda_alimentaria

Some English sources:

"Four A1 posters describing three food groups: energy (orange poster), body building (blue poster) and protective foods (2 yellow posters), prepared for the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food by the Central Office of Information, United Kingdom, 1949-1951"
http://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/co500381/four...

"Foods that contain a lot of protein are called body-building foods or growing foods. Foods that contain a lot of fat or carbohydrates and perhaps only a little protein are called energy-giving foods.
Foods in which the most important nutrients are vitamins or minerals are called protective foods."
http://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?i...

This one shows that the scheme is still in use in at least some British schools, though here the "protective" group (reguladores) is called "maintenance":

"Which foods belong to the body-building group?
Which foods belong to the energy-giving group?
Which foods belong to the maintenance group?"
http://elmwood-jun.croydon.sch.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10...

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Note added at 1 hr (2017-03-22 10:55:22 GMT)
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"Plásticos" seems a bit strange at first sight; they're also called "alimentos formadores" or "constructores" or "reparadores".