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Catalan to English: Working while studying in higher edducation: the impact of the economic crisis on academic and labour market success General field: Social Sciences Detailed field: Education / Pedagogy
Source text - Catalan Resum
Es realitza una anàlisi aprofundida del fenomen de la compaginació entre estudis i feina dels estudiants universitaris durant als seus estudis. Les dades s’obtenen a partir d’enquestes realitzades a graduats quatre anys després de titular-se. En l’article, per una banda, es revisa l’evolució del fenomen en els darrers deu anys tenint en compte les enquestes d’inserció laboral de l’AQU de 2005, 2008, 2011 i 2014. Per altra banda, es fa una comparació de les onades 2008 2014 per analitzar l’impacte de la crisi econòmica. En aquest cas s’analitza com la compaginació entre estudis i feina afecta als resultats acadèmics i a la inserció laboral , i s’analitza si hi ha diferències segons el nivell formatiu familiar. L’evolució permet veure com augmenta la compaginació d’estudis i treball, sobretot pels estudiants amb pares de nivell formatiu baix. Aquest augment, a més, provoca un empitjorament de les notes obtingudes i una major desigualtat en la inserció laboral depenent dels recursos educatius de la família d’origen. En general, la relació entre les diferents variables mostra com la compaginació entre estudis i feina té efectes negatius en les notes però positius en la inserció laboral, sobretot si es realitzen durant la carrera treballs relacionats amb els estudis.
Keywords: working while studying, achievement, educational background, educational outcomes, economic crisis.
Introducció
La diversificació del perfil d’estudiants de les darreres dècades com a conseqüència de l'expansió educativa es tradueix tant en la diversitat de les característiques sociodemogràfiques dels estudiants com en les seves estratègies per afrontar l’experiència universitària. Alguns estudis han destacat característiques com el gènere, l’edat, l’origen socioeconòmic familiar o l’ètnia com els factors més importants a nivell individual que contribueixen a aquesta heterogeneïtzació del perfil dels estudiants (Ariño Villaroya, Hernández Pedreño, Llopis Goig, Tejerina Montañana, & Navarro Susaeta, 2008; González Monteagudo, 2010). Algunes d’aquestes característiques es tradueixen en noves maneres d’entendre l’experiència universitària i, conseqüentment, en noves formes d’articular o encaixar els estudis acadèmics amb altres experiències o responsabilitats. Una d’aquestes responsabilitats més característiques dels estudiants és la compaginació d’estudis i treball.
Un dels interessos que recentment ha esdevingut d’especial importància per a les institucions europees és la necessitat d’incrementar l’accés i participació d’estudiants a l’educació superior i, més específicament, fomentar la participació d’aquells estudiants més vulnerables i/o infrarrepresentats que permetria aconseguir una participació més inclusiva i equitativa (European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice, 2014). Aquesta preocupació ha portat a un interès creixent en l’estudi de les condicions dels estudiants universitaris i com els canvis institucionals i/o reformes universitàries esdevingudes han pogut modificar i perjudicar aquestes condicions dels universitaris.
Paral·lelament als canvis en l’educació superior, altres processos/dinàmiques externs a la institució poden estar jugant un paper fonamental per entendre les condicions socials dels estudiants, Concretament, la crisi econòmica ha tingut un impacte especialment destacat en les taxes d’atur; passant del 7.95% a l’inici de la crisi (2007),al 23.79% a l’actualitat passant per una taxa de prop del 27% en el seu punt màxim al 2013(dades INE).
A més d’aquesta elevada taxa també s’ha produït una profunda precarització del mercat laboral disminuint de manera dràstica les feines a temps complet i els contractes indefinits. Concretament a Espanya hi ha una xifra elevada d’estudiants amb treball parcial involuntari, és a dir, que tenen aquesta característica jornada perquè no han trobat una millor situació degut a la precarietat del mercat laboral (OCDE, 2013). Tota aquesta situació ha afectat de manera especialment crua als joves.
És per tant, en aquest context de crisi econòmica i de recent augment de les taxes universitàries, que esdevé fonamental analitzar la nova realitat dels joves universitaris i la seva participació a la institució d’educació superior. En aquest sentit, aquest article pretén contribuir al coneixement de l’estudi de la participació i les condicions dels estudiants universitaris. Específicament, s’explora la incidència i evolució del fenomen de la compaginació d’estudis i treball i, al mateix temps, s’analitza quin efecte té en el progrés acadèmic i la inserció laboral.
Translation - English Working while studying in higher education: the impact of the economic crisis on academic and labour market success
Summary
A thorough analysis of the phenomenon of combining working and studying among university students is made using data obtained from surveys of graduates carried out four years after finishing their degrees. First, the article revises the evolution of the phenomenon over the last ten years taking the Catalan University Quality Assurance Agency (AQU) labour market insertion surveys for 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2014 into account. Second, the 2008 and 2014 waves are compared to analyse the impact of the economic crisis. In this case, how combining working and studying affects academic results and labour market insertion is studied, in addition to whether or not differences occur according to the educational background of the family. A random stratified two-stage sampling is used to obtain the results; descriptive and ANOVA analyses with different factors are performed. The evolution shows how the numbers of students that combine work and study has increased, especially among those whose parents have a low educational level. Furthermore, this increase means that lower marks are obtained and there is a greater degree of inequality in labour market insertion, depending on the educational background of the family of origin. In general, the relationship between the different variables shows how combining working and studying has negative effects on marks, but positive effects on labour market insertion, especially if the experience of work while at university is related to the studies.
Keywords: working while studying, employment quality, educational background, educational outcomes, economic crisis.
Introduction
The diversification of student profiles as a result of educational expansion over the last decades is translated to both the sociodemographic characteristics of the students and to the strategies they adopt to meet the challenges of the university experience. Some studies point to characteristics like gender, age, the socioeconomic background of the family and ethnicity as the factors that contribute most to this heterogenization of student profiles on an individual level (Ariño Villaroya, Hernández Pedreño, Llopis Goig, Tejerina Montañana, & Navarro Susaeta, 2008; González Monteagudo, 2010). Some of these characteristics translate to new ways of understanding the university experience and, as a consequence, to new ways of articulating and combining academic studies with other experiences or responsibilities. One of the most characteristic of these student responsibilities is working while studying.
One of the issues that has become especially important for European institutions recently is the need to increase student access to and participation in higher education and, more specifically, to foment participation among more vulnerable and under-represented groups with the aim of achieving a more inclusive and equitable participation (Eurydice, 2014). This concern has brought about a growing interest in the study of the life conditions of university students and how the institutional changes and university reforms that have been implemented have been able to modify these conditions and how they have been detrimental to them.
Parallel to the changes in higher education, other processes or dynamics that are external to the institution could be playing a fundamental role in shaping students’ social conditions. The economic crisis in particular has had a major impact on the unemployment rate, which has gone from 7.95% at the beginning of the crisis (2007) to the current 23.79%, having peaked at almost 27% in 2013 (Spanish National Statistics Institute).
Apart from the high unemployment rate, the economic crisis has also brought about huge insecurity in the labour market, with a drastic decrease in the number of full-time jobs and permanent contracts. In the specific case of Spain there is a large number of students with involuntary part-time jobs; in other words, they work part-time because they have been unable to find a better work situation due to labour market insecurity (OCDE, 2013). All in all, this situation has affected young people particularly harshly.
Thus, within this context of economic crisis and the recent increase in university fees, analysing the new reality of university students and their participation in the institution of higher education has become fundamental. In this regard, this article aims to contribute to the knowledge about the participation and life conditions of university students. Specifically, the incidence and evolution of the phenomenon of working while studying is explored, while at the same time the effect this has on educational outcomes and labour market entry is analysed.
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ACADEMIC EDITING SERVICE
I have style edited or translated ACADEMIC PAPERS that have been published in SPECIALISED INTERNATIONAL ACADEMICPEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS in the fields of
Economics (Business, Operations Research, Management Science and Family Firms):European Accounting and Management Review, International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Management Review Quarterly, Business Horizons, Family Business Review, Journal of Family Business Strategy, Journal of Family Business Management, Safety Science, Journal of Environmental Management, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, Business Strategy and the Environment, International Journal of Services and Operations Management, International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, Central European Journal of Operations Research, International Journal of Consumer Studies, International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, Journal of Business Strategy, Industrial and Commercial Training, International Journal of Innovation Management, Management Decision, European Journal of International Management, European Accounting and Management Review, Journal of Organisational Change Management, Strojniski Vestnik-Journal of Mechanical Engineering, International Journal of Management, Knowledge and Learning, Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing and Service Industries, Service Business, Review of International Comparative Management (RMCI), International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, International Journal of Public Sector Performance Management, International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation, Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, Journal of Technology Management and Innovation, International Journal of Innovation Management, Management Decision, International Journal of Services Technology and Management, Growth and Change. A Journal of Urban and Regional Policy, Bulletin of Latin American Research, Science Direct;
Education and Educational Research, Sociology of Education, Sociology of Higher Education: Educational Technology and Society, International Journal of Engineering Education, International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), International Journal of Management in Education, Studies in Higher Education, European Journal of Educational Research Development and Policy, Research in Post-Compulsory Education, Revista de Educación, Educational Sciences, Journal of Youth Studies, European Journal of Education, Studies in Higher Education, International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona.
Medicine and Statistics, Econometrics and Health: Research in Developmental Disabilities, Genes, Child Neuropsychology, American Journal of Medical Genetics, Journal of Clinical Medicine; Journal for Clinical Practice, National Library of Medicine (NCBI), International Journal for Clinical Practice, Gaceta Sanitaria, BMC Public Health, PLOS One;
Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Green and Sustainable Science and Technology: Sustainability 11885, Recycling open access journal, Journal of Cleaner Production, Sustainability (Switzerland), Ecology Letters, Ecology, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Frontiers in Plant Sciences;
Sociology: Social Indicators Research, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Research Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte; International Journal for Equity in Health;
Philosophy and Religious Studies: Metaphilosophy, International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, Sophia and Teorema);
Law: International Journal of Human Rights);
Development Studies: Third World Quarterly, Development Policy Review);
Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism: International Journal of Tourism Cities);
Interdisciplinary Social Sciences/ Psychology: Personality and Individual Differences, Frontiers in Psychology, Journal of Homosexuality;
History: International Institute of Social History, European Rural History Organisation, European Social Science History Conference);
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I have translated or edited FULL-BOOK MANUSCRIPTS and BOOK CHAPTERS in the fields of:
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IGI Global (Pennsylvania, USA), Springer International Publishing (NY, USA), Fraunhofer Verlag (Stuttgart, Germany), World Scientific Publishing (Singapore), Edward Elgar (Cheltenham, UK) and Mc Graw-Hill (NY, USA);
Tourism in
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