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English to Indonesian: Sustainable Earth: Water General field: Science Detailed field: Environment & Ecology
Source text - English Sustainable Earth: Water
Rio 20 highlights the global effort needed to safeguard one of the world's most important resources
Brian Handwerk
For National Geographic News
Clean water is essential for life, but most people in the developed world don't think much about the water they use for drinking, food preparation, and sanitation. In developing nations, however, the search for safe drinking water can be a daily crisis. Millions of people die each year, most of them children, from largely preventable diseases caused by a lack of access to clean water and proper sanitation.
Sandra Postel, director of the Global Water Policy Project and the National Geographic Society's freshwater fellow, said freshwater scarcity presents a growing problem to be addressed during the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio 20) in Brazil from June 20 to 22. "It manifests itself in the depletion of groundwater, and the drying up of rivers and lakes upon which people depend for irrigation to grow their food," she said. "The intersection of water scarcity, food security, and a changing climate on top of it all raises a suite of water concerns that urgently need to be addressed."
Much progress is possible. In fact, due to the dedicated efforts of governments and NGOs since the 1992 Earth Summit, safe drinking water has been made available to some 1.7 billion people around the world, with projects ranging from modern piped plumbing to rainwater collection and storage.
But an estimated 880 million people still don't have regular access to clean water. "And we haven't made nearly as much progress on sanitation," Postel said. "Something like 2.7 billion people are without adequate sanitation, so that challenge still looms very large." Policymakers will struggle to lower both numbers even as the planet's population rises by an expected three billion over the next 50 to 75 years.
Serious Challenges
About 5,000 children die each day due to preventable diarrheal diseases such as cholera and dysentery, which spread when people use contaminated water for drinking or cooking. A lack of water for personal hygiene leads to the spread of totally preventable ailments like trachoma, which has blinded some six million people.
Water woes also trap many low-income families in a cycle of poverty and poor education—and the poorest suffer most from lack of access to water. People who spend much of their time in ill health, caring for sick children, or laboriously collecting water at distances averaging 3.75 miles (6 kilometers) a day are denied educational and economic opportunities to better their lives.
Competition can be fierce for this precious commodity. Agriculture claims the lion's share of freshwater worldwide, soaking up some 70 percent, and industrial uses consume another 22 percent. Watersheds and aquifers don't respect political borders and nations don't always work together to share common resources—so water can be a frequent source of international conflict as well.
Day-by-day demand keeps growing, further draining water sources, from great rivers to underground aquifers. "We're going deeper into debt on our groundwater use," Postel said, "and that has very significant impacts for global water security. The rate of groundwater depletion has doubled since 1960."
Some of Earth's groundwater is fossil water, created when Earth's climate was far different. Today such water is as finite as petroleum. Other aquifers are renewable. "But we're pumping many of them out faster than precipitation is recharging them," Postel explained. "This is the case underneath the breadbasket of India, underneath the wheat and cornfields on the plains of north China, under California's Central Valley. We need to bring withdrawals into balance with recharge."
Humanity's growing thirst also poses a major problem for aquatic ecosystems. "When we take water from rivers, floodplains, and watersheds, those ecosystems bear the brunt of water scarcity and begin to be degraded or disappear," she said. "And that also creates a cost to us, not just to nature, because we also depend upon those ecosystems."
The Path to Solutions
The silver lining, Postel noted, is that many opportunities exist to use the water we do have more productively. Change begins with more efficient management of water resources.
"Seventy percent of all the water we use globally is for agriculture, so that's where we first have to become a lot more efficient through methods like drip irrigation and growing crops that are more suitable to the local climate," Postel said. "We still have too few incentives for farmers to use water more efficiently. Farmers are good businesspeople; they respond to incentives that affect their bottom line."
The United National General Assembly has recognized "the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights." Making that right become a universal reality, and providing each person on the planet with affordable access to the 20 to 50 liters of daily water required to sustain life, is a clear goal for the decades ahead.
(source: National Geographic News)
Translation - Indonesian Bumi yang Berkelanjutan: Air
Kelompok Rio 20 menyoroti upaya global yang diperlukan untuk melindungi salah satu sumber daya paling penting di dunia
Brian Handwerk
Untuk National Geographic News
Air bersih sangat penting bagi kehidupan, tetapi kebanyakan orang di dunia berkembang tidak berpikir banyak tentang air yang mereka gunakan untuk minum, persiapan makanan dan sanitasi. Di negara berkembang, bagaimanapun, mencari air minum yang aman dapat menjadi suatu problem harian. Jutaan orang meninggal setiap tahun, kebanyakan dari mereka adalah anak-anak, dari penyakit yang sebagian besar diakibatkan oleh kurangnya akses ke air bersih dan sanitasi yang memadai.
Sandra Postel, direktur dari Proyek Kebijakan Air Global (Global Water Policy Project) dan kolega National Geographic Society untuk bidang Air Tawar, mengatakan kelangkaan air tawar menyajikan suatu masalah yang berkembang yang harus dihadapi selama Konferensi PBB tentang Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (Rio 20) di Brasil pada tanggal 20 -22 Juni. "Hal ini terlihat dengan adanya penurunan air tanah, dan pengeringan sungai dan danau yang digunakan orang untuk irigasi tanaman pangan mereka," katanya. "Terjadi titik temu antara kelangkaan air, ketahanan pangan dan perubahan iklim, yang di atas semua itu, menimbulkan serangkaian kekhawatiran akan air yang mendesak untuk diatasi."
Meskipun demikian, masih mungkin untuk mencapai banyak kemajuan dalam mengatasi masalah tersebut. Bahkan, karena dedikasi pemerintah dan LSM sejak KTT Bumi 1992, air minum yang aman telah tersedia untuk sekitar 1,7 miliar orang di seluruh dunia, dengan proyek-proyek mulai dari pipanisasi modern hingga pengumpulan dan penyimpanan air hujan.
Akan tetapi sekitar 880 juta orang masih tidak memiliki akses rutin ke air bersih. "Dan kami belum membuat cukup banyak kemajuan dalam hal sanitasi," kata Postel. Sekitar 2,7 milyar orang hidup tanpa sanitasi yang memadai, sehingga tantangan yang kurang tampak pun masih sangat banyak. Pembuat kebijakan akan berjuang untuk menurunkan kedua angka tersebut bahkan juga ketika populasi penduduk planet ini diperkirakan naik menjadi tiga miliar orang dalam 50-75 tahun mendatang.
Tantangan serius
Sekitar 5.000 anak meninggal setiap harinya karena penyakit-penyakit diare yang dapat dicegah seperti kolera dan disentri, yang menyebar ketika orang menggunakan air yang terkontaminasi untuk minum atau memasak. Kurangnya ketersediaan air untuk keperluan kebersihan individu menyebabkan penyebaran penyakit yang seharusnya dapat dicegah seperti trachoma, yang telah membutakan sekitar enam juta orang.
Air menyengsarakan serta menjebak banyak keluarga berpenghasilan rendah dalam siklus kemiskinan dan pendidikan buruk- dan merupakan mayoritas yang paling menderita dari kurangnya akses ke air. Orang-orang yang menghabiskan banyak waktu mereka dalam keadaan sakit, merawat anak-anak yang sakit, atau mendapatkan air dengan susah-payah dengan jarak rata-rata 3,75 mil (6 kilometer) tiap harinya terabaikan untuk mendapatkan peluang pendidikan dan ekonomi bagi kehidupan yang lebih baik.
Persaingan bisa sangat sengit untuk komoditi yang berharga ini. Pertanian menuntut porsi air tawar dunia yang sangat besar, menyerap sekitar 70 persen, sedangkan industri mengkonsumsi 22 persen. Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) dan Cekungan Air Tanah (CAT) tidak memperhatikan batas-batas politik namun negara-negara tidak selalu bekerja sama untuk berbagi sumber-sumber daya yang umum — sehingga air acapkali juga dapat menjadi sumber konflik internasional.
Permintaan akan air terus meningkat tiap harinya, yang menguras sumber-sumber air lebih lanjut, dari sungai-sungai besar hingga cekungan-cekungan air tanah di bawah tanah. "Kita akan menggunakan air tanah kita jauh lebih banyak lagi," ujar Postel, "dan itu memiliki dampak yang sangat signifikan bagi keamanan air secara global. Tingkat penurunan air tanah telah mencapai dua kali lipat sejak tahun 1960."
Beberapa sumber air tanah Bumi merupakan air fosil, yang terbentuk ketika iklim Bumi jauh berbeda dari saat ini. Dewasa ini, air semacam itu tersedia sama terbatasnya dengan minyak bumi. Cekungan-cekungan Air Tanah (CAT) yang lain merupakan CAT terbarukan. "Tapi kita memompanya keluar lebih cepat daripada curah hujan mengisinya ulang," jelas Postel. "Ini merupakan masalah yang terjadi di bawah keranjang roti India, di bawah ladang gandum dan jagung di dataran Cina Utara, di bawah Lembah Sentral California. Kita perlu mengatasi pengurangan-pengurangan ini menjadi seimbang dengan mengisi ulang."
Meningkatnya rasa dahaga manusia juga menimbulkan suatu masalah besar bagi ekosistem akuatik. "Ketika kita mengambil air dari sungai, dataran banjir, dan Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS), ekosistem-ekosistem tersebut menanggung pukulan terberat dalam kelangkaan air dan mulai menjadi rusak atau hilang," katanya. "Dan hal itu juga menimbulkan biaya bagi kita, tidak hanya bagi alam, karena kita juga bergantung pada ekosistem-ekosistem tersebut."
Jalan menuju solusi
Sisi baiknya adalah, catat Postel, bahwa ada banyak kesempatan untuk menggunakan air yang kita miliki dengan lebih produktif. Perubahan dimulai dengan manajemen sumber daya air yang lebih efisien.
"Tujuh puluh persen dari semua sumber air yang kita gunakan secara global adalah untuk pertanian, sehingga pertanian yang pertama-tama kita harus jadikan jauh lebih efisien melalui metode-metode seperti irigasi tetes dan penanaman jenis tanaman yang lebih sesuai dengan iklim setempat," kata Postel. "Kita masih terlalu sedikit dalam memberikan insentif bagi petani untuk menggunakan air lebih efisien. Petani adalah pengusaha yang baik;mereka akan menyambut pemberian insentif yang mempengaruhi kebutuhan pokok mereka."
Sidang Umum PBB telah mengakui "hak akan air minum yang aman dan bersih dan sanitasi sebagai hak asasi manusia yang sangat penting bagi kebahagiaan yang sempurna dalam kehidupan dan semua hak asasi manusia." Membuat hak tersebut menjadi suatu realitas universal, dan memberikan tiap orang di planet ini akses yang terjangkau untuk 20 hingga 50 liter air harian yang dibutuhkan untuk mempertahankan hidup, adalah suatu tujuan yang jelas untuk puluhan tahun mendatang.
(sumber: National Geographic News)
English to Indonesian: Charlotte's Web General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Poetry & Literature
Source text - English Charlotte's Web: Chapter One
by E.B. White
Before Breakfast
"Where's Papa going with that ax?" said Fern to her mother as they were setting the table for breakfast.
"Out to the hog house," replied Mrs. Arable. "Some pigs were born last night."
"I don't see why he needs an ax," continued Fern, who was only eight.
"Well," said her mother, "one of the pigs is a runt. It's very small and weak, and it will never amount to anything. So your father has decided to do away with it."
"Do away with it?" shrieked Fern. "You mean kill it? Just because it's smaller than the others?"
Mrs. Arable put a pitcher of cream on the table.
"Don't yell, Fern!" she said. "Your father is right. The pig would probably die anyway."
Fern pushed a chair out of the way and ran outdoors. The grass was wet and the earth smelled of springtime. Fern's sneakers were sopping by the time she caught up with her father.
"Please don't kill it!" she sobbed. "It's unfair."
Mr. Arable stopped walking.
"Fern," he said gently, "you will have to learn to control yourself."
"Control myself?" yelled Fern. "This is a matter of life and death, and you talk about controlling myself."
Tears ran down her cheeks and she took hold of the ax and tried to pull it out of her father's hand.
"Fern," said Mr. Arable, "I know more about raising a litter of pigs than you do. A weakling makes trouble. Now run along!"
"But it's unfair," cried Fern. "The pig couldn't help being born small, could it? If I had been very small at birth, would you have killed me?"
Mr. Arable smiled. "Certainly not," he said, looking down at his daughter with love. "But this is different. A little girl is one thing, a little runty pig is another."
"I see no difference," replied Fern, still hanging on to the ax. "This is the most terrible case of injustice I ever heard of."
A queer look came over John Arable's face. He seemed almost ready to cry himself.
"All right," he said. "You go back to the house and I will bring the runt when I come in. I'll let you start it on a bottle, like a baby. Then you'll see what trouble a pig can be."
When Mr. Arable returned to the house half an hour later, he carried a carton under his arm. Fern was upstairs changing her sneakers. The kitchen table was set for breakfast, and the room smelled of coffee, bacon, damp plaster, and wood smoke from the stove.
"Put it on her chair!" said Mrs. Arable. Mr. Arable set the carton down at Fern's place. Then he walked to the sink and washed his hands and dried them on the roller towel.
Fern came slowly down the stairs. Her eyes were red from crying. As she approached her chair, the carton wobbled, and there was a scratching noise. Fern looked at her father. Then she lifted the lid of the carton. There, inside, looking up at her, was the newborn pig. It was a white one. The morning light shone through its ears, turning them pink.
"He's yours," said Mr. Arable. "Saved from an untimely death. And may the good Lord forgive me for this foolishness."
Fern couldn't take her eyes off the tiny pig.
"Oh," she whispered. "Oh, look at him! He's absolutely perfect."
She closed the carton carefully. First she kissed her father, then she kissed her mother. Then she opened the lid again, lifted the pig out, and held it against her cheek. At this moment her brother Avery came into the room. Avery was ten. He was heavily armed -- an air rifle in one hand, a wooden dagger in the other.
"What's that?" he demanded. "What's Fern got?"
"She's got a guest for breakfast," said Mrs. Arable. "Wash your hands and face, Avery."
"Let's see it!" said Avery, setting his gun down. "You call that miserable thing a pig? That's a fine specimen of a pig -- it's no bigger than a white rat."
"Wash up and eat your breakfast, Avery!" said his mother. "The school bus will be along in half an hour."
"Can I have a pig, too, Pop?" asked Avery.
"No, I only distribute pigs to early risers," said Mr. Arable. "Fern was up at daylight, trying to rid the world of injustice. As a result, she now has a pig. A small one, to be sure, but nevertheless a pig. It just shows what can happen if a person gets out of bed promptly. Let's eat!"
But Fern couldn't eat until her pig had had a drink of milk. Mrs. Arable found a baby's nursing bottle and a rubber nipple. She poured warm milk into the bottle, fitted the nipple over the top, and handed it to Fern.
"Give him his breakfast!" she said.
A minute later, Fern was seated on the floor in the corner of the kitchen with her infant between her knees, teaching it to suck from the bottle. The pig, although tiny, had a good appetite and caught on quickly.
The school bus honked from the road.
"Run!" commanded Mrs. Arable, taking the pig from Fern and slipping a doughnut into her hand. Avery grabbed his gun and another doughnut.
The children ran out to the road and climbed into the bus. Fern took no notice of the others in the bus. She just sat and stared out of the window, thinking what a blissful world it was and how lucky she was to have entire charge of a pig. By the time the bus reached school, Fern had named her pet, selecting the most beautiful name she could think of.
"It's name is Wilbur," she whispered to herself.
She was still thinking about the pig when the teacher said: "Fern, what is the capital of Pennsylvania?"
"Wilbur," said Fern, dreamily.
The pupils giggled. Fern blushed.
End of Chapter One.
This excerpt has been reprinted by permission of the HarperCollins Children's Publishers
Translation - Indonesian Charlotte's Web: Bab satu
oleh E.B. White.
Sebelum Sarapan
"Mau kemana Papa dengan kapak itu?" tanya Fern kepada ibunya ketika mereka sedang menyiapkan meja untuk sarapan.
"Ke kandang babi," jawab Bu Arable. "Beberapa babi lahir tadi malam."
"Aku tidak melihat perlunya Papa membawa kapak," lanjut Fern, yang baru berusia delapan tahun.
"Hmm, salah satu babi ada yang lahir kerdil," kata ibunya. Ia sangat kecil dan lemah, dan tidak akan berguna. Jadi ayahmu telah memutuskan untuk membuangnya"
"Membuangnya?" jerit Fern. "Maksud ibu, membunuhnya? Hanya karena ukurannya lebih kecil daripada yang lain?"
Bu Arable meletakkan bejana berisi krim di atas meja.
"Jangan berteriak, Fern!" katanya. "Ayahmu benar. Babi itu mungkin akan mati juga akhirnya."
Fern mendorong kursi yang menghalangi dan berlari ke luar. Rumput terasa basah dan bumi berbau musim semi. Sepatu karet Fern telah basah kuyup saat ia berhasil menyusul ayahnya.
"Tolong jangan bunuh dia!" isaknya. "Ini tidak adil."
Pak Arable menghentikan langkahnya.
"Fern," katanya lembut, "kamu harus belajar untuk mengendalikan diri."
"Mengendalikan diri?" teriak Fern. Ini soal hidup dan mati, dan Papa bicara soal pengendalian diri.
Air mata mengalir di pipinya dan ia memegang kapak serta berusaha merebut dari tangan ayahnya.
"Fern," kata Pak Arable, "Aku tahu lebih banyak tentang membesarkan anak babi daripadamu. Babi yang lemah membuat masalah. Sekarang pergilah!"
"Tapi ini tidak adil," teriak Fern. "Babi itu tidak berharap dilahirkan kecil, bukan? Jika aku sangat kecil waktu dilahirkan, apakah Papa akan membunuhku?"
Pak Arable tersenyum. "Tentu saja tidak," katanya, seraya menatap sayang putrinya. "Tapi ini berbeda. Seorang gadis kecil adalah satu hal, sedangkan seekor babi yang kerdil adalah hal yang lain."
"Aku tidak melihat perbedaan," jawab Fern, sembari tetap berpegangan pada kapak ayahnya. "Ini adalah kasus paling mengerikan yang aku pernah dengar tentang ketidakadilan."
Raut muka yang aneh terlihat di wajah John Arable. Dia sendiri nampak hampir menangis.
"Baiklah," katanya. "Kembalilah engkau ke rumah dan Papa akan membawa si kerdil ketika pulang. Papa akan mengijinkanmu untuk memberinya minum dari botol, seperti bayi. Setelah itu, kamu akan melihat betapa dapat bermasalahnya seekor babi."
Ketika Pak Arable kembali ke rumah setengah jam kemudian, ia mengempit sebuah kotak karton di ketiaknya. Fern ada di lantai atas mengganti sepatu karetnya. Meja dapur telah siap untuk sarapan, dan ruangan berbau kopi, bacon, plester lembab, dan asap kayu dari kompor.
"Letakkan di kursinya!" kata Bu Arable.
Pak Arable meletakkan kotak karton tersebut di kursi milik Fern. Kemudian ia berjalan ke wastafel dan mencuci tangan serta mengeringkannya pada handuk gulungan.
Fern menuruni tangga perlahan-lahan. Matanya merah akibat menangis. Tatkala dia menghampiri kursinya, kotak karton itu bergetar, dan ada suara menggaruk. Fern memandang ayahnya. Kemudian ia mengangkat tutup karton. Dan, di dalam sana, yang menatapnya, adalah bayi babi yang baru lahir. Ia berwarna putih. Cahaya pagi bersinar melalui telinganya, mengubahnya menjadi merah muda.
"Dia milikmu," kata Pak Arable. "Diselamatkan dari kematian sebelum waktunya. Dan semoga Tuhan mengampuniku karena kebodohan ini."
Fern tidak dapat melepaskan pandangannya dari si babi mungil.
"Oh," bisiknya. "Oh, lihat dia! Dia benar-benar sempurna."
Ia menutup kotak karton itu dengan hati-hati. Pertama-tama, ia mencium ayahnya, lalu ia mencium ibunya. Kemudian dia membuka tutup kotak karton itu lagi, mengangkat si babi keluar, dan menempelkan pada pipinya. Pada saat yang bersamaan, kakaknya Avery masuk ke ruangan. Avery berusia sepuluh tahun. Ia bersenjata lengkap -- sebuah senapan angin di tangan satunya, dan belati kayu di tangannya yang lain.
"Apa itu?" desaknya. "Apa yang Fern punya?"
"Dia mempunyai tamu untuk sarapan," kata Bu Arable. "Cuci tangan dan wajahmu, Avery."
"Mari kita lihat!" kata Avery, sambil meletakkan senjatanya. "Kamu sebut mahkluk yang menyedihkan itu seekor babi? Ia adalah spesimen babi yang baik - ia tidak lebih besar dari seekor tikus putih."
"Cuci tangan dan makan sarapanmu, Avery!" kata ibunya. "Bis sekolah segera datang setengah jam lagi."
"Bolehkah aku memiliki babi juga, Pap?" tanya Avery.
"Tidak, aku hanya memberi babi untuk yang selalu bangun awal," kata Pak Arable. "Fern bangun, mencoba untuk membebaskan dunia dari ketidakadilan. Sebagai hasilnya, dia sekarang memiliki seekor babi. Seekor babi kecil, tepatnya, tapi tetap seekor babi. Itu hanya menunjukkan apa yang dapat terjadi jika seseorang bangun tidur bergegas. Mari kita makan!"
Tapi Fern tidak bisa makan sampai babinya mendapatkan susu. Bu Arable menemukan sebuah botol susu dan sebuah dot karet bayi. Ia menuangkan susu hangat ke dalam botol, memasang dot di atasnya, dan memberikannya kepada Fern.
"Berikan dia makan paginya!" katanya.
Semenit kemudian, Fern terduduk di lantai di sudut dapur dengan bayi babinya di antara kedua lututnya, mengajarkannya untuk menghisap dari botol. Si babi, meskipun mungil, memiliki selera makan yang baik dan belajar dengan cepat.
Bis sekolah membunyikan klaksonnya dari jalan.
"Lari!" perintah Bu Arable, mengambil si babi dari Fern dan menyelipkan donat ke tangannya. Avery menyambar pistolnya dan donat lainnya.
Anak-anak berlari ke jalan dan naik ke bis. Fern tidak ambil pusing dengan anak-anak lain di dalam bis. Dia hanya duduk dan menatap keluar jendela, berpikir betapa bahagianya dunia dan betapa beruntungnya ia memiliki seekor babi. Pada saat bis sampai di sekolah, Fern telah memberi nama binatang peliharaannya, memilihkannya nama paling indah yang bisa ia pikirkan.
"Namanya adalah Wilbur," bisiknya pada dirinya sendiri.
Ia masih berpikir tentang babinya ketika gurunya bertanya: "Fern, apa nama ibukota Pennsylvania?"
"Wilbur," kata Fern, dengan melamun.
Murid-murid terkikik. Fern tersipu.
Akhir bab satu.
Kutipan ini telah dicetak ulang dengan izin dari HarperCollins Children's Publisher
English to Indonesian: First dengue vaccine now available General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical (general)
Source text - English The first dengue vaccine has arrived in Indonesia, bringing hopes of curbing one of the most challenging diseases in the country.
The vaccine, named Dengxavia, is a result of 20 years of research and experiments by Sanofi Pasteur, the world’s largest vaccine producer.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has endorsed the vaccine, saying that it represents a major step in controlling the disease as there is no established cure for dengue fever currently, which can cause severe nausea, bone pain, headaches, rashes, bleeding and even death.
Mexico was the first country in the world to register the vaccine in December last year and was quickly followed by 11 other countries, including Brazil, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines, all countries with a high endemic rate of dengue fever.
Ongoing clinical trials in Indonesia, which started in 2011 and are expected to finish in 2017, show the vaccine to be 65.6 percent effective against dengue fever.
“The availability of the dengue vaccine increases dengue prevention, bringing hope to people in Indonesia in the fight against the deadly disease,” said the Health Ministry’s director of vector and zoonotic disease prevention and control Vensya Sitohang.
In Indonesia, the vaccine has received a permit from the Food and Drugs Monitoring Agency (BPOM) but only for people aged nine to 16.
Availability of the vaccine comes at a time when dengue cases are on the rise in Indonesia with close to 160,000 cases recorded up through September this year, a 17 percent increase as compared to the same period last year. In 2015, more than 129,000 people were infected with the virus and 1,071 people died, according to data from the Health Ministry.
Between 2004 and 2010, Indonesia reported the second highest number of dengue cases in the world behind Brazil, according to the WHO. With an average of 129,000 cases per year, Indonesia has the largest number of people with dengue fever in Southeast Asia. The amount of cases has cost the country US$323 million a year.
With rising dengue cases and an increasing economic burden, the government is planning to apply a national immunization program, pending assessment on the effectiveness of the vaccine and the budget proposal for the program.
The ministry’s surveillance and quarantine director, Elizabeth Jane Soepardi, said the government would run a pilot project in regions with a high-rate of dengue cases to test the effectiveness of the vaccine.
“We plan to start in August next year, during the national immunization week for school children. Hopefully we’ll get results by early 2018 so we can start planning [for a national roll out of the vaccine],” she said.
Elizabeth said the government needed to test the vaccine, even though Sanofi Pasteur had done clinical trials, so the government could approve an increase in the health budget for the roll out of the vaccine.
“With no scientific evidence on the positive impacts of the vaccine, the House of Representatives would not agree to using people’s money to administer the vaccine because the vaccine is quite expensive,” she said.
Sanofi Pasteur Indonesia general manager Joko Murdianto declined to disclose the price of the vaccine as the price that it gave to the distributor of the vaccine, PT Anugerah Pharmindo Lestari, was different from the market price of the vaccine, which is now available in major private hospitals in the country.
“The vaccine is already available in major cities, as far as Malang and even Jambi. Two leading hospital chains have already bought the vaccine,” Joko said.
The market price of the vaccine is reported at more than Rp 900,000 ($70) per injection, not including tax, and the vaccine has to be given in three injections spaced out over one year.
The vaccine is designed for those over the age of nine and is best suited for people living in endemic areas.
(by Hans Nicholas Jong of The Jakarta Post, October 26, 2016)
Translation - Indonesian Vaksin Demam Berdarah (DB) pertama telah tiba di Indonesia, membawa asa dalam menekan mewabahnya salah satu penyakit paling bermasalah di negara ini.
Vaksin, yang disebut Dengxavia, merupakan hasil dari penelitian dan uji coba selama 20 tahun oleh Sanofi Pasteur, produsen vaksin terbesar di dunia.
Badan Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) telah mengesahkan penggunaannya, mengatakan bahwa vaksin tersebut menjadi lompatan besar dalam mengontrol penyakit DB, mengingat belum adanya pengobatan yang dapat diandalkan dewasa ini, yang dapat menyebabkan rasa mual parah, nyeri tulang, sakit kepala, ruam, pendarahan, dan bahkan kematian.
Mexico merupakan negara pertama di dunia yang mendaftarkan penggunaan vaksin ini pada Desember tahun lalu, yang segera diikuti oleh 11 negara lainnya, termasuk Brasil, Indonesia, Singapura, Thailand, dan Filipina, semua negara dengan tingkat epidemi penyebaran DB yang tinggi.
Uji coba klinis yang sedang berjalan di Indonesia, yang telah dimulai tahun 2011 dan diharapkan selesai tahun 2017, menunjukkan bahwa vaksin tersebut efektif melawan deman berdarah hingga 65,6 persen.
"Ketersediaan vaksin DB membantu meningkatkan pencegahannya, memberikan harapan bagi masyarakat Indonesia dalam melawan penyakit yang mematikan ini, " ujar Direktur Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Penyakit Tular Vektor dan Zonotik, Kementerian Kesehatan, Vensya Sitohang.
Di Indonesia, vaksin ini telah mendapat ijin dari Badan Pengendalian Obat dan Makanan (BPOM), namun hanya bagi mereka yang berusia antara 9 dan 16 tahun.
Vaksin DB ini ada pada saat DB sedang merajalela di Indonesia dengan hampir 160.000 kasus tercatat hingga September tahun ini, terjadi peningkatan sebanyak 17 persen dari periode yang sama tahun lalu. Pada tahun 2015, lebih dari 129.000 orang terjangkit virus ini dan 1.071 diantaranya meninggal dunia, berdasarkan data dari Kementerian Kesehatan.
Antara 2004 dan 2010, Indonesia melaporkan jumlah kasus DB tertinggi kedua setelah Brasil, menurut WHO. Dengan rata-rata 129.000 kasus tiap tahunnya, ini menempatkan Indonesia dengan jumlah penderita DB terbesar di Asia Tenggara.
Jumlah kasus yang ada telah membuat negara ini mengeluarkan dana US$ 323 juta per tahunnya.
Seiring dengan meningkatnya kasus DB dan beban ekonomi, pemerintah berencana untuk melaksanakan program imunisasi nasional, menunda penilaian atas efektivitas vaksin dan proposal anggaran untuk program tersebut.
Elizabeth Jane Soepardi, Direktur Surveilans dan Karantina Kementerian Kesehatan, mengatakan bahwa pemerintah akan mengadakan proyek percobaan di daerah-daerah dengan kasus DB yang tinggi untuk mengetes efektivitas vaksin.
"Kita berencana untuk memulainya Agustus tahun depan, selama minggu imunisasi nasional untuk anak sekolah. Mudah-mudahan kita akan mendapatkan hasilnya awal 2018 sehingga kita dapat mulai melakukan pengenalan vaksin secara nasional, '' menurutnya.
Elizabeth mengatakan bahwa pemerintah perlu melakukan tes atas vaksin tersebut, meskipun Sanofi Pasteur telah melakukan uji coba klinis, dengan begitu pemerintah akan dapat menyetujui anggaran kesehatan untuk pengenalan vaksin.
" Tanpa adanya bukti ilmiah mengenai dampak positif dari penggunaan vaksin DB, DPR tidak akan menyetujui pemakaian dana masyarakat untuk mengelola vaksin karena harganya yang sangat mahal, " katanya.
General Manager Sanofi Pasteur, Joko Murdianto, menolak untuk mengungkapkan harga vaksin tersebut, mengingat harga di distributor vaksin, PT Anugerah Pharmindo Lestari, berbeda dari harga pasar, yang sekarang tersedia di beberapa rumah sakit besar di dalam negeri.
"Vaksin DB sudah bisa didapatkan di kota-kota besar, hingga Malang dan bahkan Jambi. Dua grup rumah sakit terbesar telah membeli vaksin ini, " kata Joko.
Harga pasar vaksin DB yang dilaporkan mencapai lebih dari Rp900.000 ($70) per injeksi, tidak termasuk pajak, dan vaksin harus diberikan tiga kali dalam jangka waktu setahun.
Vaksin ini didesain untuk penderita berusia lebih dari sembilan tahun serta paling sesuai bagi mereka yang tinggal di daerah endemik.
(oleh Hans Nicholas Jong dari The Jakarta Post, October 26, 2016)
I started as a translator when I was asked to translate FEI Rules of Three Day Event (Equestrian) into Indonesian. It was a very thick book, not to mention my knowledge about it was almost zero, however I accepted the offer. Struggling to meet excellence, I completed it with much appreciation.
Furthermore, I have spent 9 years in a team to translate various documents for a global conservation organization office in Indonesia as well as companies related to it.
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