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Services
Translation
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Specializes in:
Biology (-tech,-chem,micro-)
Botany
Agriculture
Also works in:
Science (general)
Poetry & Literature
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Sample translations submitted: 1
English to Indonesian: Probiotic Review
Source text - English Probiotics and the immune system
introduction
the mammalian intestine is inhabited by a dense and antigenically foreign microflora. Nonetheless, the intestinal immune system remains normally in a state of homeostasis and in fact appears to ignore or otherwise tolerate most intestinal microbes. tolerance may reflect advantages conferred by the indigenous microflora to the host. for example, intestinal bacteria provide the host with several nutrients, including short chain fatty acids, vitamin K, some B vitsmins, and amino acids. Intestineal bacteria also protect the host from pathogens, forming a front line of mucosal defense. specifically, gut bacteria prevent intestinal colonisation by pathogenic organism directly by competing more succesfully for essential nutrients or for epithelial atachment sites. through the production of antimicrobial compounds, volatile fatty acids, and chemically modified bile acids, gut bacteria also create a local environment that is generally unfavorable for growth of many enteric pathogens. finally the indigenous microflora induces recruitment of lamina propria immune cells, which form a second tier of defence by activation of appropriate inflammatory or immune mechanisms during infection. in return for providing the host with nutritional benefits and enhanced defense against pathogens, the indigenous microflora gains access to a nutrient-dense, stable environment, and thereby enters a mutualistic relationship wtih the host.
because of the reported positive effects of intestinal bacteria on host health, including prevention of cancer, decreased blood cholesterol, prevention of diarrhea, enhanced immunce function, and improved animal growth, researchers and clinicians have attempted to enhance these effects through the provision of beneficial, probiotic bacteria. however, in many cases claims have been made without rigorous scientific validation. in this review, we analyse claims of probiotic-mediated immune system and the indigenous microflora. specifically, we review the role of nonpathogenic bacteria in the development of the intestinal immune system and in protecting the host from pathogenic insults.
Translation - Indonesian PROBIOTIK DAN SISTEM IMUN
Pendahuluan
Usus mamalia dihuni oleh banyak mikroflora asing yang bersifat antigenik. Namun sistem kekebalan tubuh di usus tetap normal dalam keadaan homeostatis, dan tampaknya mengabaikan atau sebaliknya menoleransi sebagian besar mikroba di usus. Toleransi ini merefleksikan keuntungan yang diperoleh dari mikroflora asli di usus kepada inang. Sebagai contoh, bakteri usus menyediakan beberapa nutrient untuk inang, termasuk asam lemak rantai pendek , vitamin K, beberapa vitamin B dan asam amino.
Bakteri usus juga melindungi inang dari patogen, membentuk barisan depan dari sistem pertahanan mukosa. Khususnya, bakteri usus mencegah kolonisasi organisme patogen di usus dengan berkompetisi untuk memperoleh nutrisi esensial atau berkompetisi pada tempat perlekatan di epitel usus. Melalui produksi komponen anti mikroba, asam lemak volatil dan asam empedu yang dimodifikasi secara kimiawi, bakteri usus juga menciptakan lingkungan local yang umumnya tidak disukai bakteri-bakteri patogen untuk berkembang biak. Akhirnya mikroba asli di usus menginduksi perekrutan lamina propria sel-sel imun, yang akan membentuk lapisan pertahanan kedua melalui aktivasi inflamatori atau mekanisme kekebalan tubuhselama infeksi. Sebagai timbal-balik dari penyediaan nutrisi bagi inang dan peningkatan pertahanan melawan patogen, mikroflora usus dapat mengakses nutrien yang diperlukan, lingkungan yang stabil, dengan demikian membentuk hubungan yang saling menguntungkan dengan inang.
Oleh karena diketahui efek positif dari bakteri usus pada kesehatan inang, termasuk pencegahan terhadap kanker, penurunan kolesterol darah, pencegahan diare, peningkatan kinerja kekebalan tubuhtubuh, serta meningkatkan laju pertumbuhan inang, maka peneliti dan tenaga medis telah mencoba meingkatkan efek-efek tersebut melalui penyediaan bakteri probiotik yang menguntungkan. Namun, dalam banyak kasus klaim tersebut dibuat tanpa didukung validasi ilmiah. Dalam tinjauan ini, kami menganalisa klaim dari probiotik yang memediasi peningkatan sistem kekebalan tubuh berdasarkan pengetahuan terkini mengenai interaksi antara sistem kekebalan tubuh inang dan mikroflora usus. Khususnya, kami meninjau peranan bakteri non patogen dalam perkembangan sistem kekebalan tubuhpencernaan dan perlindungan inang dari patogen.
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Translation education
Bachelor's degree - airlangga university
Experience
Years of experience: 11. Registered at ProZ.com: Jun 2013.
Hi, My name is Utami
I am still beginner but very excited to work hard and learn a lot of things about being a good translator.
I am interested translate article (about science and general topic) from English to Indonesian.
Thank you !
Keywords: Bahasa Indonesia, science, biology, article
