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English to German - Rates: 0.05 - 0.06 EUR per word German to English - Rates: 0.05 - 0.06 EUR per word
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Sample translations submitted: 2
English to German: RNAi
Source text - English It were Fire, Mello and colleagues, who 1986 coined the term RNAi after having injected double-stranded RNA into the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The treatment had led to a degradation of cytoplasmic mRNA containing the complementary sequence to the antisense strand. The RNAi agent can easily be applied in worms, for example by feeding. Furthermore, treatment of gonads can trigger systemic silencing (silencing in the entire organism) in the F1-generation. By now, RNAi is used in various organisms, such as worms, flies, planaria and mammals. However, while long, double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) can be used for artificial gene silencing by RNAi in worms and flies, some mammalian cell culture systems react to long dsRNA by activating the interferon response pathway, an immunological means to fight viruses. Therefore people commonly use short dsRNA molecules (19-22 bp), so-called short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which are directly transfected or injected into cells.
Translation - German Es waren Fire, Mello und ihre Kollegen, die 1986 den Begriff RNAi prägten. Sie hatten doppelsträngige RNA in den Nematoden Caenorhabditis elegans injiziert, was zum Abbau zytoplasmischer mRNAs, die komplementäre Sequenzen zum injizierten Antisense-Strang aufwiesen, geführt hatte. Die RNAi-Agenz kann auf einfachem Wege in Würmer eingebracht werden, zum Beispiel durch Fütterung. Zudem kann eine Behandlung der Gonaden zu einem systemischen Silencing (Silencing im gesamten Organismus) in der F1-Generation führen. Heute wird RNAi bei zahlreichen Organismen angewendet, darunter Würmer, Fliegen, Planarien und Säugetiere. Für Würmern und Fliegen können dabei lange, doppelsträngige RNAs (dsRNAs) benutzt werden. In einigen Säugetier-Zellkulturen allerdings lösen diese Moleküle eine Interferonantwort, einen Immunvorgang zur Virusabwehr, aus. Daher kommen bei Säugetieren standardmäßig kurze dsRNA-Moleküle (19-22 bp) zum Einsatz, sogenannte ‚short interfering RNAs (siRNAs)’, die direkt in die Zelle transfiziert oder injiziert werden.
German to English: Cytokininrezeptoren
Source text - German Für die Cytokininsignaltransduktion über den Phosphatübertragungsweg sind in Arabidopsis thaliana drei Rezeptoren verantwortlich. Dies sind die Histidinkinasen AHK2, AHK3 und AHK4/CRE1, die eine hohe Sequenzähnlichkeit aufweisen. Die drei Rezeptoren werden in allen Pflanzenorganen exprimiert. Die Expressionslevel der einzelnen Rezeptoren variieren jedoch je nach Gewebe. Während AHK4 hauptsächlich in der Wurzel auftritt, findet man AHK2 und AHK3 eher in den oberirdischen Pflanzenteilen. Auch die Affinität zu den verschiedenen Cytokininen unterscheidet sich. So scheinen zwar sowohl AHK3 als auch AHK4 IP und Zeatin als Liganden zu bevorzugen, in der Bindungsfähigkeit der übrigen Cytokinine unterscheiden sie sich jedoch. Experimente mit Cytokininrezeptor-Mutanten zeigen, dass die Rezeptoren für unterschiedliche Reaktionen verantwortlich sind. Da die Aktivitätsminderung eines einzelnen Rezeptors aber einen vom Wildtyp kaum abweichenden Phänotypen erzeugt (NISHIMURA 2004), geht man davon aus, dass sich die Rezeptoren in ihren Aufgaben stark überlappen.
Translation - English In Arabidopsis thaliana, there are three receptors responsible for the cytokinin signal transduction via the phosphotransfer pathway: the histidine kinases AHK2, AHK3 and AHK4/CRE1 that show a high sequence similarity. The three receptors are expressed in all organs of the plant, but their expression levels differ depending on the tissue. While AHK4 appears in the roots mainly, AHK2 and AHK3 are rather found in the aerial parts of the plant. The affinity for the different cytokinins varies as well. For instance, AHK3 and AHK4 do both seem to prefer zeatin as a ligand, but in their affinity to other cytokinins they differ. Experiments with cytokinin receptor mutants show, that the receptors trigger different reactions. But since phenotypes resulting from the activity reduction of a single receptor exhibit a phenotype hardly diverging from the wild type (NISHIMURA 2004), one estimates the tasks of the receptors to overlap considerably.
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Years of experience: 16. Registered at ProZ.com: Jan 2009.
Adobe Acrobat, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, Trados Studio
Bio
Hi
I am a biotechnologist specialized on bioinformatics and genetics.
My courses, as well as my daily work during my time in different institutes, have been in English language among people from various cultures. Thus, with me you do only not hire language skills but also a profound understanding of science and reliable intercultural competence.
Besides, my big delight is literature. I took writing courses (specialization in fictional writing) and I am also an author myself. So, when I am translating literature or articles of yours, I do not only translate the mere contents, but take care to transport the atmosphere and author's personal style, too.
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