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Medical: Health Care
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Source text - English The Yurchenko-type vault (i.e., round-off entry) appears to have reduced the importance of the run-up. Because the gymnast must perform a round-off prior to board contact, she slows slightly during the transition from the run to the round-off. The average speed for handspring-type vaults was 7.28 m ∙ s-1(SD = 0.39m ∙ s-1), Tsukahara-type vaults was 7.36m ∙ s-1 (SD = 0.34m ∙ s-1), andYurchenko-type vaults was 7.21 m ∙ s-1 (SD = 0.34m ∙ s-1). This pattern was similar to that obtained by Krug et al. [9]: handspring-type vaults 7.3 m ∙ s-1, Tsukahara-type vaults 7.28m ∙ s-1, andYurchenko-type vaults 6.98m ∙ s-1 (stan¬dard deviations were not included).
Uneven Bars
The modern uneven bars are an outgrowth and evolution of the men's parallel bars. By raising one of the rails of the men's parallel bars, an entirely new and exciting event was created. A competitive exercise consists of a mount and dismount along with swinging, circling and flight movements. Unlike vaulting, the uneven bars cannot be examined by dividing the performance into
simple phases. Each skill performed on the uneven bars must be treated separately. While the current Code of Points [5] lists over 250 skills on the uneven bars, even these do not begin to fully address all skills and variations of skills that can be performed. For example, a 'hip pullover' represents one of the most basic skills of uneven bars and as such does not qualify as a skill that would meet even the most elementary competitive requirements. However, a hip pullover is learned by every young gymnast. The hip pullover was analyzed biomechanically by Tetsu and Hiroh [25]. Only a relative handful of uneven bars skills has been biomechanically analyzed and reported in the literature, and the
list of potential skills for analysis grows every year.
The uneven bars consist of two parallel rails. The high bar is located approximately 2.4 m from the floor. The high bar is adjustable to accommodate those taller gymnasts who might strike their feet on the floor in a hanging position. The low bar is adjustable and located approximately 1.6 m from the floor [3]. The separation of the rails is self-selected by the gymnast. In recent years the separation of the rails has become ever wider permitting straighter body swings less constrained by body position changes necessary to pass the low rail [3]. The uneven bars did not always have these dimensions, and with the changes in dimensions, gymnasts can perform dramatically different skills. The shape of the rail was initially like that of the men's parallel bars, described as 'egg-shaped' when viewed in cross-section [26]. Because the shape of the early rail was not round, female gymnasts had considerable difficulty moving their hands around the rail during swinging movements. The current
uneven bar rail is round [3]. The height of the rails has been increased from time to time due to increasing mat thickness which forced the rails higher to avoid hitting the feet. Early rails were made completely of wood and suffered complete breakage when struck aggressively during impact-oriented skills. The uneven
bars have also been known to collapse due to chainlink failure [27]. The natural frequency or resonance of the rails is modifiable based on the type of rail and the tautness of the supporting cables and uprights. Because the uneven bars have been modified in stages, inferences from previous studies to the present condition must be cautious. For example, Witten et al. [28] conducted a force and torque analysis of the backward giant swing on uneven bars, but shortly after their study the distance between the rails was increased making the specific technique of the gymnasts in the study quite different from the technique used by later gymnasts.
The current Code of Points [5] lists the following families of skills: (a) mounts, (b) casts and counterswings, (c) underswings and clear hip circles, (d) giant swings backward, (e) giant swings-circles forward, (f) Stalder circles, (g) circle swings and hechts, and (h) dismounts. Only the mounts family appears to have been excluded from biomechanical analysis in the available literature. Giant swings appear to have received the most attention.
Translation - Italian I volteggi di tipo Yurchenko (cioè con rondata in pedana) sembrano aver ridotto l’importanza della rincorsa: poiché la ginnasta deve eseguire una rondata prima del contatto con la tavola, rallenta leggermente nella fase di presalto, tra la corsa e la rondata. La velocità media per i volteggi con ribaltata avanti era di 7,28 m ∙ s-1 (dS = 0,39 m ∙ s-1), per quelli di tipo Tsukahara era 7,36 m ∙ s-1 (dS = 0,34 m ∙ s-1) e per quelli di tipo Yurchenko era 7,21 m ∙ s-1 (dS = 0,34 m ∙ s-1). Questi risultati sono simili a quelli ottenuti da Krug et al. [9]: volteggi con ribaltata avanti 7,3 m ∙ s-1, volteggi di tipo Tsukahara di 7,28 m ∙ s-1 e volteggi di tipo Yurchenko 6,98 m ∙ s-1 (le deviazioni standard non sono state incluse).
Parallele asimmetriche
Le moderne parallele asimmetriche sono un’evoluzione delle parallele pari maschili: alzando uno degli staggi venne creato un attrezzo completamente nuovo ed emozionante. Un esercizio di gara alle parallele asimmetriche è composto da un’entrata e un’uscita, con oscillazioni, rotazioni ed elementi con fase di volo. A differenza del volteggio, le parallele asimmetriche non possono essere esaminate suddividendo l’esecuzione in fasi più semplici;
ogni elemento eseguito deve essere analizzato separatamente. Anche se il Codice dei Punteggi attuale [5] elenca oltre 250 elementi diversi esistenti per le parallele, non comprende
comunque tutti gli elementi e le loro varianti eseguibili. Per esempio, l’entrata di forza in capovolta, essendo uno degli elementi di base alle parallele, non è nemmeno classificato come
elemento in quanto non soddisfa alcun requisito di gara, ma ogni giovane ginnasta deve impararla ugualmente. Proprio questo elemento è stato analizzato dal punto di vista biomeccanico da Tetsu e Hiroh [25]. Pochi elementi delle parallele sono stati studiati da questo punto di vista e analizzati nella letteratura e la lista di elementi candidati per una potenziale analisi cresce ogni anno.
Le parallele asimmetriche sono composte da due staggi paralleli. Lo staggio alto è fissato a circa 2,4 m dal suolo ed è regolabile per soddisfare le esigenze delle ginnaste più alte, che potrebbero sfiorare il suolo con i piedi, in posizione di sospensione allo staggio alto. Anche lo staggio più basso è regolabile e fissato a circa 1,6 m dal suolo [3]. La distanza tra i due staggi è scelta dalla ginnasta. Negli ultimi anni questa distanza è diventata sempre
maggiore per permettere granvolte a corpo più teso senza avere il problema di cambiare posizione per riuscire a passare tra gli staggi [3]. Le dimensioni delle parallele asimmetriche sono cambiate nel tempo e questo ha permesso di eseguire elementi molto diversi. La forma degli staggi era inizialmente quella degli staggi delle parallele maschili, a sezione ovale [26]. Per questo motivo, le ginnaste incontravano considerevoli difficoltà nel far
scivolare le mani attorno allo staggio durante le oscillazioni. La forma attuale degli staggi è invece rotonda [3]. L’altezza è stata aumentata gradualmente in modo da non far toccare coi piedi per terra, visto che è aumentato anche lo spessore dei materassi. Le prime parallele erano costruite interamente in legno e a volte, quando sollecitate eccessivamente da elementi con forte impatto sugli staggi, si spezzavano. A volte sono anche crollate a causa di un cedimento dei tiranti [27]. La frequenza naturale o risonanza degli staggi è modificabile a seconda del tipo di staggio e della tensione dei tiranti e cavi che supportano le parallele. Poiché sono state modificate in fasi successive, i dati degli studi recedenti devono essere utilizzati per gli studi attuali con molta cautela. Ad esempio, Witten et al. [28] hanno condotto un’analisi sulle coppie di forze coinvolte in una granvolta di petto alle parallele asimmetriche, ma poco dopo il loro studio venne aumentata la distanza tra gli staggi cambiando così la tecnica delle ginnaste rispetto a quelle coinvolte nello studio.
L’attuale Codice dei Punteggi [5] elenca i seguenti gruppi strutturali di elementi: (a) entrate, (b) slanci e oscillazioni, (c) lanci sotto lo staggio e tempi di capovolta, (d) granvolte indietro, (e) granvolte ed elementi circolari in avanti, (f) Giri Stadler, (g) giri in appoggio libero ed elementi in planche e (h) uscite. Sembra che solo il gruppo delle entrate sia stato escluso dall’analisi biomeccanica, mentre alle granvolte è stata dedicata la maggiore
attenzione.
MA Technical and Scientific Translation (English and Spanish), University of Genoa (Italy), 2006-2008 – Grade obtained: 110 out of 110
Translation fields of expertise
Life science, including:
Medical (general);
Pharmaceuticals: SPC, study protocols and synopsis, ethics committees documentation, EMA or other regulatory documentation, informed consent/assent forms, investigator brochures, packaging and labeling, case report forms etc;
Medical devices: instructions for use, manuals, operating manuals etc;
IVD;
Healthcare;
Scientific papers;
PRO questionnaires translation (including recruitment of specialised forward and backward translators);
Marketing material;
Biotech.
Courses and training attended
Horizon 2020 European Research Grants - Agenzia per la Promozione della Ricerca Europea (APRE), Roma (Italy) - 25-26 January 2018
A common data model in Europe? – Why? Which? How? - European Medicines Agency (EMA), London (UK) – 11-12 December 2017
Assistant to the moderator at the Consensus conference to propose evidence-based classification criteria for Monogenic periodic fevers (TRAPS, FMF, MKD and CAPS) and PFAPA - Genoa (Italy) - 15-18 March 2017
Pharmacovigilance – International Research Institute (IIR) – Milan (Italy) – 16-17 February 2016
Assistant to the moderator at the Consensus conference for the new classification criteria of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis - Genoa (Italy) - 4-5 December 2015
The management of a not for profit clinical trial - IRCCS G. Gaslini, Genoa – 29 January 2015
Assistant to the moderator at the Consensus conference on MAS Classification criteria - Genoa (Italy) - 21-23 March 2014
Pharmachild study meeting - Utrecht (the Netherlands) – February 2014
EMA Excellence in Pharmacovigilance:Clinical trials and post-marketing training course, London (UK) - 1st to 5th October 2012
Coding with MedDRA, Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, Bonn (Germany) - 17th April 2012
Webinar MedDRA Coding Basics - 12th January 2012 organised by the MSSO (http://www.meddramsso.com/)
Eudravigilance Information Day, European Medicines Agency (EMA), London (UK) – 15th November 2011
Paediatric Rheumatology European Society (PRES) conference, Bruges (Belgium) – 14th to 18th September 2011
Course on The Ethical Aspects of Paediatric Clinical Trials - organized by the International School of Paediatrics, IRCCS G. Gaslini, Genoa (Italy)– 28th June 2011
Course on Pharmacovigilance in Paediatrics - organized by the International School of Paediatrics, IRCCS G. Gaslini, Genoa (Italy) – 2nd December 2010
European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance (ENCePP) Information Day, European Medicines Agency (EMA), London (UK) – 26th November 2010
Webinar Introduction to MedDRA – 10th November 2010 organised by the MSSO (http://www.meddramsso.com/)
Paediatric Rheumatology European Society (PRES) conference, Valencia (Spain) – 9th to 12th September 2010
Course on Clinical Trials in Paediatrics, organized by the International School of Paediatrics, IRCCS G. Gaslini, Genoa (Italy) – 25th to 27th March 2010
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