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Elizabeth Joy Pitt de Morales
Words That Make Sense

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Intelligent Translations – Words That Make Sense
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Spanish to English: From the environmental impact study for a solar thermal power generation plant
General field: Tech/Engineering
Detailed field: Energy / Power Generation
Source text - Spanish
El Sistema de Almacenamiento Térmico utiliza un tanque de sales fundidas calientes (565 ºC) y otro para sales frías (288 ºC) para almacenar el calor producido por la energía solar y posteriormente generar vapor. El campo de heliostatos está diseñado para suministrar energía solar en exceso al sistema durante todo el año. Cada día, la energía solar que ha sido transferida a la sal en forma de energía térmica, se utiliza para generar vapor. La capacidad térmica de la sal es tal, que la sal caliente puede almacenarse y conducirse a través de un generador para producir vapor para generar electricidad cuando se necesite. El Almacenamiento Térmico amplía las horas de generación diarias de la planta, ya que se podrán aprovechar las sales calientes almacenadas en tanques para suministrar al Generador de Vapor después de la puesta de sol o en momentos puntuales en los que el sol se nuble por las nubes. Con ello permitimos a la instalación cubrir en mayor medida la demanda de energía eléctrica, que normalmente aumenta en las horas finales del día en las que existe menor radiación. De hecho el almacenamiento térmico permitirá la producción de energía eléctrica durante 24 horas diarias la mayor parte del año.
El Sistema de Almacenamiento Térmico incluye, por si es requerido, un sistema auxiliar de aporte de calor a partir de la combustión de gas natural para mantener la sal en estado fundido.
Su funcionamiento es el siguiente: en el momento en el que la radiación solar es suficiente, la sal almacenada en el tanque frío se bombea a través de la torre, concretamente hacia el Receptor Solar, en el que la sal alcanza la temperatura aproximada de 565 ºC, en ese momento la sal caliente se envía mediante bombas al tanque de sales caliente para su almacenamiento. Para generar electricidad, la sal caliente se envía al sistema de generación de vapor en el que se producirá vapor sobrecalentado para su uso en el ciclo de Rankine de la turbina de vapor, después de salir del Sistema de Generación de Vapor la sal enfriada hasta los 288 ºC es enviada al tanque de almacenamiento de sales frías, para comenzar así de nuevo el proceso.
La sal es una combinación de nitrato de sodio (NaNO3) y de potasio (KNO3), que se mantiene fundida en un rango amplio de temperatura. Esta sal en estado líquido tiene una viscosidad y apariencia similar al agua y es un medio de almacenamiento de calor muy efectivo dada su inercia térmica. Su punto de solidificación es 238 ºC y debe mantenerse por encima de esta temperatura para que pueda ser conducida por el sistema. Después de la fusión inicial de la sal durante la puesta en marcha, esta se mantiene en estado líquido y a altas temperaturas durante toda la vida de operación de la planta, siendo reciclada constantemente en el ciclo.
Translation - English
The thermal storage system uses a tank of hot molten salts (565 ºC) and another for cold salts (288 ºC) for storing the heat produced by the solar energy, and subsequently generates steam. The heliostat field is designed to supply solar energy to the system throughout the year. Each day, the solar energy transferred to the salt in the form of thermal energy is used to generate steam. The salt's thermal capacity is such that the hot salt can be stored and sent through a generator to produce steam with the aim of producing electricity whenever needed. The thermal storage increases the plant's daily hours of generation, since the hot salt stored in the tanks can be used to supply the steam generator after the sun goes down or for brief periods when the sun is covered by clouds. Doing this allows the facility to cover in greater measure the demand for electricity, which normally increases at the end of the day when there is less radiation. In fact, thermal storage will allow electricity to be produced 24 hours a day during the greater part of the year.
The thermal storage system includes an auxiliary heat provision system in case it is needed for pre-heating the salts by using natural gas combustion to maintain the salt in a molten state.
It works as follows: when there is sufficient radiation, the salt stored in the cold tank is pumped towards the tower, specifically towards the solar receiver, whereby the salt reaches the maximum temperature of 565 ºC; at that time the hot salt is pumped to the hot salt tank for storage. In order to generate electricity, the hot salt is sent to the steam system where superheated steam will be produced for use in the Rankine cycle of the steam turbine. After leaving the steam generation system, the salt, cooled to 288 ºC, is sent to the cold salt storage tank to begin the cycle once again.
The salt is a combination of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) so that it remains liquid or molten within a wide range of temperatures. In a liquid state, this salt has a viscosity and appearance similar to that of water, and is a very effective means of storing heat, given its thermal inertia. Its solidification point is 238 ºC, and it must be kept above this temperature so that it can be transported through the system. After the initial melting of the salt during commissioning, the salt remains in a liquid state and at high temperatures during the plant's entire operating life, and is constantly reused in the system.
Spanish to English: From an application for a grant for bio-fuel research
General field: Tech/Engineering
Detailed field: Energy / Power Generation
Source text - Spanish
A.5. Cualidades, innovaciones y ventajas que incorpora el proyecto con relación a lo existente en el mercado.

El biopetróleo se desarrolla a partir de lo que XXX ha denominado “Súper algas”. Estas, son cepas de algas de origen natural adaptadas y modificadas posteriormente para que presenten una elevada tasa de reproducción y producción de compuestos energéticos.

Con ellas, XXX obtiene mayor cantidad de biomasa y mucho más rentable energéticamente de las que se consiguen con cualquier otro sistema en el que se emplean cultivos terrestres, (palma, girasol, colza).

Con las “Super algas” se consiguen sistemas convencionales de fotobioreactor, lo que garantiza una alta eficacia de su sistema. Además, el biocombustible obtenido sustituye en un 100% al petróleo tradicional, sin necesidad de ser mezclado con él para ser utilizado en cualquier tipo de aplicación.

Reducciones de CO2 (Dióxido de Carbono)

Este biopetróleo emplea para su producción los excesos de dióxido de carbono (CO2) que produce la actividad industrial, de forma que no sólo no contamina, sino que contribuye a limpiar la atmósfera.

Con la utilización del biopetróleo como fuente de energía la emisión de dióxido de carbono se reduce significativamente. Tampoco se producen emisiones sulfurosas, lo que resulta decisivo para evitar la lluvia ácida, además de contribuir a limitar el efecto invernadero y cumplir los objetivos establecidos por el protocolo de Kyoto.

De esta forma, XXX es el único sistema capaz de reducir de forma real el efecto invernadero, ya que recicla las emisiones de CO2 derivadas de su producción y reduce el CO2 ya existente en la atmósfera.

¿Que separa el proyecto de XXX de otros que producen biodiesel?

El sistema convencional de producción de biodiesel presenta una serie de desventajas tales como:

• Requiere un superficie enorme para los cultivos que se utilizan para producir el biodiesel;
• Las cantidades son insuficientes para sustituir el combustible fósil. (3/4 de la tierra tendría que estar cultivado para producir sólo 1/3 del consumo actual).• Las emisiones de CO2 y otros productos nocivos se siguen produciendo
durante el cultivo y la recolección.
• La fertilización y otros productos químicos, que se utilizan para cultivar contaminan la tierra y el agua.

Para poder sustituir el 40% del consumo actual del mundo de combustible fósil, la superficie que ya se está utilizando para cultivar tendría que multiplicarse por tres, lo cual es totalmente imposible y contra productivo para la economía global. Además de necesitar una superficie muy grande, la cantidad de agua natural que haría falta para producir estos cultivos sería discutible.

Otra desventaja, desde un punto de vista técnico y científico, es que el biodiesel no es sostenible a largo plazo.

En el siguiente cuadro aparecen representadas las diferentes fuentes de bio-energía y su producción anual de bio-diesel.
Translation - English
A.5. Features, innovations and advantages included in the project compared to what is already on the market.

Bio-petroleum is developed from what XXX has called "superalgae". These are strains of algae of natural origin which have been subsequently adapted and modified so that they have an increased level of reproduction and production of energy-related compounds.

Using them, XXX obtains a greater quantity of biomass and they are much more profitable in terms of energy than those that are obtained with any other system that uses land crops (palm, sunflower, rapeseed.)

With the "super algae", conventional systems of photo-bioreactors are attained, which guarantees a highly efficient system. Moreover, the bio-fuel obtained substitutes traditional petroleum 100%, without any need to be mixed with the petroleum in order to be used in any type of application.

Reduction in CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)

This bio-petroleum uses the excess CO2 produced by industrial activity for its production, so that not only does it not pollute, it contributes to cleaning the atmosphere.

By using bio-petroleum as an energy source, the emission of carbon dioxide is significantly reduced. Nor are sulphur-related emissions produced, a decisive factor in avoiding acid rain, in addition to contributing to the limitation of the greenhouse effect and to meeting the objectives established by the Protocol of Kyoto.

XXX is therefore the only system capable of truly reducing the greenhouse effect, since it recycles the CO2 emissions derived from its production and reduces the CO2 already in existence in the atmosphere.

What makes XXX's project stand out from others that produce bio-diesel?

The conventional system for producing bio-diesel presents a series of disadvantages, such as:

• It requires an enormous surface area for the crops that are used to produce the bio-diesel.
• The amount is insufficient to substitute fossil fuel (three-quarters of the Earth would have to be under cultivation in order to produce just one-third of its current consumption).
• The emission of CO2 and other noxious products are still produced during cultivation and harvest.
• Fertilisers and other chemical products used for cultivation contaminate the soil and the water.

In order to substitute 40% of the world's current consumption of fossil fuel, the surface area already being used would have to be multiplied by three, which is completely impossible and counterproductive for the global economy. In addition to needing a very large surface area, the amount of untreated water that would be needed to produce these crops would be a matter for discussion.

Another disadvantage, from a technical and scientific standpoint, is that bio-diesel is not sustainable in the long-term.

The different sources of bio-energy and the annual production of bio-diesel appear in the table below.
Spanish to English: Glossary of noise-related terms from a noise model report
General field: Tech/Engineering
Detailed field: Environment & Ecology
Source text - Spanish
GLOSARIO

Absorción Propiedad de los materiales para reducir la cantidad de energía sonora reflejada.

Ruido Ambiente El total de todos los ruidos en el medio ambiente que no sea el ruido de la fuente de interés. Este término se utiliza indistintamente con el término ruido de fondo.

dB(A) Unidad de medida de niveles de presión sonora, en escala logarítmica, que pondera las frecuencias sonoras (minorando el peso de sonidos muy graves o muy agudos) para representar la percepción del oído humano.

Frecuencia Número de veces por segundo en el que una onda sonora sinusoidal se repite. Se mide en Hercios (Hz) y /o ciclos por segundo.

Isófona Líneas dibujadas en un mapa sonoro que conectan puntos con igual presión sonora.

Ruido 1. Sonido no deseado. 2. Cualquier sonido que no se produce en el medio natural, tales como los sonidos que emanan de los aviones, carreteras, industriales, comerciales y residenciales de las fuentes.

Octava / banda de octava Intervalo entre dos sonidos que poseen un ratio de frecuencia de dos, (por ejemplo una banda de octava recoge las frecuencias comprendidas entre los 500Hz a 1000Hz, o de 1000Hz a 2000Hz).

Nivel Sonoro La presión sonora ponderada obtenida a través del uso de un sonómetro y de una red de ponderación de frecuencias, tal como A, B, o C. Si la ponderación de frecuencia usada no está indicada se aplicará por defecto la ponderación A.

Potencia Acústica (Lw) Potencia acústica emanada de una fuente sonora. Medida en unidades logarítmicas.

Presión Sonora (SPL) Diferencia instantánea entre la presión barométrica actual y la presión producida por una onda sonora en un punto dado del espacio.


Espectro La descripción de la resolución de una onda sonora referida a sus componentes de frecuencia y amplitud.

Ponderación La filtración de frecuencias obtenida en un sonómetro.

La ponderación A del nivel sonoro. Una medida del nivel sonoro aplicada para reflejar la agudeza del oído humano. Las unidades son dBA. La ponderación A es también llamada el nivel sonoro.
Translation - English
GLOSSARY

Absorption Property of materials for reducing the amount of sound energy reflected.


Ambient Noise The total of all of the noises in the environment that is not the noise of the source under consideration This term is used indistinctly with the term "background noise".

dB(A) Unit of measurement of sound pressure levels on a logarithmic scale that weights sound frequencies (reducing the weight of very low or very high sounds) in order to represent the perception of the human ear.


Frequency Number of times per second in which a sinusoidal sound wave repeats. Measured in Hertz (Hz) and/or cycles per second.

Isophone Lines drawn on a sound map connecting points with an equal sound pressure.

Noise 1. Unwanted sound. 2. Any sound not produced in the natural environment, such as those coming from airplanes, motorways, industrial, business and residential sources.



Octave/octave band Interval between two sounds having a frequency ratio of two (for example, an octave band includes the frequencies between 500Hz and 1000Hz, or from 1000Hz to 2000Hz).

Sound Level The weighted sound pressure obtained through the use of a sonometer and a frequency-weighting network, such as A, B or C. If the frequency weighting used is not indicated, A-weighting will be applied by default.


Sound power (Lw) Sound power coming from a source of sound. Measured in logarithmic units.


Total sound pressure Instantaneous difference between the actual barometric pressure and the pressure produced by a sound wave at a given point in space.

Spectrum The description of the resolution of a sound wave referring to its frequency and amplitude components.

Weighting The filtering of frequencies obtained in a sonometer.

A-weighting of the sound level. A measurement of sound level applied to reflect the acuteness of human hearing. The units are dBA. A-weighting is also called "sound level".

Spanish to English: From an atmospheric dispersion model report
General field: Tech/Engineering
Detailed field: Environment & Ecology
Source text - Spanish
SCREEN3 utiliza un modelo de dispersión gaussiano modificado que incorpora factores meteorológicos del entorno y características de la fuente para estimar las concentraciones de contaminantes a nivel del suelo a diversas distancias. Es un modelo recomendado por la USEPA para el análisis inicial de proyectos en su fase de diseño.
El modelo permite calcular concentraciones máximas a cualquier distancia especificada por el usuario (hasta 100 km), en terreno elevado con respecto a la fuente. Fijando la dirección del viento, se puede examinar un espectro completo de condiciones meteorológicas, incluyendo todas las combinaciones posibles de estabilidad y velocidad del viento, y seleccionar en cada caso las condiciones de impacto máximo (caso más desfavorable).
La ecuación básica utilizada por el modelo para determinar las concentraciones a nivel del suelo (z=0), bajo el eje central del penacho (y=0), es la propuesta por Turner en 1970:
donde:
X = concentración (g/m3)
Q = tasa de emisión (g/s)
us = velocidad del viento a la altura de la fuente (m/s)
sy = parámetro de dispersión lateral (m)
sz = parámetro de dispersión vertical (m)
zr = altura del receptor con respecto al suelo (m), se igualó a 0 (nivel del suelo)
he = altura del eje central del penacho (m)
zi = altura de mezclado (m)
k = límite del número de reflexiones (rebotes) del penacho en el suelo y en inversión.
Para caracterizar las condiciones atmosféricas en SCREEN3, se utiliza una serie de combinaciones entre velocidad de viento y estabilidad atmosférica, que se presentan en la Tabla 6 1. Estas combinaciones permiten, además, estimar los valores de los parámetros de dispersión transversales sy y sz, y la altura de la capa de mezcla.
Translation - English
SCREEN3 uses a Gaussian-modified dispersion model that incorporates meteorological factors related to the surroundings and the characteristics of the source in order to estimate the concentration of contaminants at ground level at various distances. SCREEN3 is a model recommended by the US EPA for the initial analysis of projects during the design phase.
The model allows for calculating maximum concentrations at any distance specified by the user (up to 100 km), on land that is elevated with respect to the source. With the direction of the wind established, it can examine a complete spectrum of meteorological conditions, including all of the possible combinations of stability and wind speed, choosing the conditions of maximum impact (the worst case scenario) for each case.
The basic equation used by the model for determining concentrations at ground level (z=0), under the centreline of the plume (y=0), is that proposed by Turner in 1970,
where:
X = concentration (g/m3)
Q = rate of emission (g/s)
us = wind speed at height of source (m/s)
sy = parameter of lateral dispersion (m)
sz = parameter of vertical dispersion (m)
zr = height of the receiver with respect to the ground (m), made equal to 0 (ground level)
he = height of the plume centreline (m)
zi = mixing height (m)
k = summation level for reflections of the plume off the ground and due to inversion
In order to characterise the atmospheric conditions, SCREEN3 uses a series of combinations of wind speed and atmospheric stability as shown in Table 6-1. In addition, these combinations allow for estimating the values of transversal dispersion parameters sy and sz, and the height of the mixing layer.
Spanish to English: From the technical description of a tunnel construction
General field: Tech/Engineering
Detailed field: Construction / Civil Engineering
Source text - Spanish
El túnel presenta una longitud total de 1.364,80 m, de los cuales los primeros 237,40 m y los últimos 47,40 m se realizan en túnel artificial. El resto del túnel se ejecuta en mina.
El trazado en planta discurre con radios de 7.250 y 8.000 m. En alzado, la pendiente de la rasante es de 21,0 ‰ y el recubrimiento máximo es de 47 m.
La sección libre del mismo es de 100 m2 y se diseña para doble vía de ancho 1,435 m, con 4,70 m de distancia entre los ejes de las vías.
El túnel artificial está formado por una bóveda de hormigón armado de 6,86 m de radio interior, y 1,0 m de canto, y por una contrabóveda de 13,834 m de radio interior y 0,60 m de espesor. El canto de la zona de zapatas es de 1,50 m.
El túnel atraviesa suelos de diferente comportamiento, lo que ha obligado a definir dos secciones tipo diferentes. El método de excavación, dependiendo de la unidad geológica atravesada, oscila entre excavable por medios mecánicos y voladura. Además, se ha previsto una sección tipo más en la boquilla.
Translation - English
The tunnel has a total length of 1,364.80 m, of which the first 237.40 m and last 47.40 m are cut-and-cover tunnels. The rest of the tunnel is an underground excavation.
The plan view of the path shows radii of 7,250 and 8,000 m. The elevation view shows a slope of 21.0‰ and the maximum overburden is 47 m.
The free section is 100 m² and is designed for a 1,435 m wide double track with an inter-axis distance of 4.70 m between the tracks.
The cut-and-coverl tunnel consists of a 1.0 m thick reinforced concrete vault with an inner radius of 6.86 m and a 0.60 m thick inverted vault with an inner radius of 13.834 m. The depth of the baseplate area is 1.50 m.
The tunnel passes through soils with different behaviours, which has led to two different section types being defined. The excavation method, depending on the geological unit crossed, varies between mechanical excavation and blast excavation. In addition, provisions have been made for an additional section type at the portal.
Spanish to English: From an archaeological report appended to an environmental impact study for a solar thermal power generation plant
General field: Social Sciences
Detailed field: Archaeology
Source text - Spanish
Este proceso progresivo de adopción de los modelos y patrones de asentamiento romanos debió acentuarse entre finales del S. II a. C. y principios del S. I a. C., si bien carecemos de datos objetivos para evaluar la magnitud y profundidad del mismo. El hecho es que, en la segunda mitad del S. I a. C., y de forma similar a lo descrito para otras zonas del levante (KEAY, 1996), (GRAU MIRA, 2001), se producirá una verdadera proliferación de asentamientos tipo villa tanto en el campo de Carthago Nova como en el interior que parecen haber desempeñado una importante labor productiva como centros de abastecimiento y producción agrícola o pesquera, con el garum en este último caso, como principal protagonista.

Al igual que en el resto de la Región de Murcia, el poblamiento rural de cronología romana parece articulado en torno a las villas, como la Villa del Cerro del Moral, que parece de este modo consolidar el anterior establecimiento ibérico. La fundación de estas villas se producirá en la mayoría de los casos durante la segunda mitad del S. I a. C. hasta alcanzar una cierta estabilidad ya a mediados del siglo II d. C. (MARTÍNEZ RODRÍGUEZ, 1999). La mayoría de estas villae estarían constituidas por pequeños núcleos urbanizados que se organizan en torno a una parte residencial o pars urbana y una zona productiva conocida genéricamente como pars rustica. La orientación económica de las mismas es de carácter básicamente agropecuario, si bien la presencia habitual de cerámicas provenientes de centros productivos en ocasiones bastante alejados de las mismas, como en el caso de las cerámicas en terra sigillata sudgálica, aretinas o africanas, demuestra con claridad su integración en las principales corrientes de circulación económica del momento. Siguiendo un patrón bastante habitual, estos asentamientos se sitúan preferentemente en las zonas de piedemonte, con relieve poco acusado y muy abiertos a las zonas de cultivo en las que el secano ocupaba un papel primordial.

La crisis del S. III d. C. y el consiguiente cambio en los modelos de explotación y ocupación del territorio, originaría nuevos asentamientos que no han sido localizados aún en esta zona, pero cuyo referente más próximo es el de la denominada "Villa de venta Ossete" (La Paca), muy al S. de la zona objeto de estudio, cuya estructura organizativa no se corresponde con la de las villae de época clásica (MARTÍNEZ RODRÍGUEZ, 1987) y cuya cronología estaría situada desde la segunda mitad del S. III d. C. hasta finales del S. IV, quedando completamente abandonada a principios del S. V d. C.
Translation - English
This gradual process of adopting Roman settlement models and patterns had become more pronounced between the end of the 2nd century B.C. and the early 1st century B.C., although objective data to assess the magnitude and depth of this process are lacking. The fact is that in the second half of the 1st century B.C. – and in a manner similar to that described for other parts of the eastern region (KEAY, 1996), (GRAU MIRA, 2001) – there would be a proliferation of villa-like settlements in the countryside of Carthago Nova and inland that appear to have played an important role as centres for provision and agricultural production or fishing with garum in the latter case as the most important product.

As in the rest of the region of Murcia, settlement during Roman times seems to be structured round villas, such as the Villa del Cerro del Moral, which appears to thus strengthen the previously established Iberian settlement. The majority of these villas would have been founded during the second half of the 1st century B.C. until a certain stability was reached in the mid-2nd century B.C. (MARTÍNEZ RODRÍGUEZ, 1999). Most of these villae would consist of small hamlets organised around a residential area – or "pars urbana" – and a productive area known generically as "pars rustica". Their economic orientation was basically agricultural, although the habitual presence of ceramics from production centres that were at times quite distant from the settlements – as in the case of the South Gaulish, Arentine or African terra sigillata ceramic ware – clearly demonstrates their integration into the mainstream of the economic movements of the time. Following a fairly common pattern, these settlements are located mainly in foothill areas with low relief and very open to crop farming areas in which rainfed crops occupied a central role.

The crisis of the 3rd century B.C. and the consequent change in the models of territorial exploitation and occupation would lead to new settlements that have not yet been found in this area, but whose closest reference point is the so-called "Villa de Venta Ossete" ("La Paca"), located far to the south of the area under study. Its organisational structure does not correspond that of the villae of the Classical period (MARTÍNEZ RODRÍGUEZ, 1987) and its timeline would fall from within the second half of the 3rd century A.D. until the end of the 4th century, being completely abandoned at the beginning of the 5th century A.D.
Spanish to English: From a 50,000 word series of sociological reports on social exclusion
General field: Social Sciences
Detailed field: Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc.
Source text - Spanish
* Realidad Social de Ciudad ABC

Un elemento fundamental a la hora de analizar las características socioeconómicas de ABC capital, es su elevado nivel de población en situación de pobreza y precariedad social.

Los colectivos que se encuentran en situación de exclusión social no sólo presentan claros déficit de recursos económicos, sino que presentan claros fallos en el proceso de integración y materialización de los derechos sociales y laborales. La exclusión social presenta formas claras de precariedad y de vulnerabilidad del individuo que la sufre con respecto al conjunto de la sociedad.

Definimos el concepto de pobreza de acuerdo con la Unión Europea, como acceso a una renta disponible menor del 50% de la renta media disponible en el conjunto del estado.

Cuantitativamente, La población en situación de pobreza (severa y relativa) en ABC capital sería:



Si desagregamos estos datos dentro de los diferentes estratos de pobreza, nos encontramos las siguientes cifras:




Los datos son suficientemente elocuentes y nos definen una clara línea de intervención; las actuaciones concretas deben ser innovadoras y multidimensionales si pretendemos romper con una situación de este tipo, priorizando la inserción laboral pero articulando estrategias que posibiliten incidir sobre otras variables vinculadas con la inserción social.

* Principales situaciones de desigualdad y/o discriminación

Las situaciones de desigualdad vienen dadas por una serie de déficit o carencias, o la pertenencia a ciertos grupos de población, que constituyen factores de discriminación en el entorno laboral y social. La carencia de niveles mínimos de instrucción, el padecer algún tipo de discapacidad, la pertenencia a minorías étnicas o raciales, la carencia de los mínimos recursos económicos que posibiliten la realización de una vida digna, son factores de desigualdad que generan posiciones discriminatorias en el entorno social y laboral.
Translation - English
* The Social Reality of ABC City

A fundamental element to be considered when analysing the social and economic characteristics of the city of ABC is the elevated proportion of the population living in poverty and social precariousness.

The populations found in situations of social exclusion not only present a clear deficit of economic resources, but also obvious failures in the process of integration and materialisation of social and employment rights. The social exclusion shows clearly the precariousness and vulnerability suffered by individuals with respect to the rest of society.

We define the concept of poverty in the same way that European Union does: the access to an income of less than 50% of the median overall national income.

Quantitatively, the population living in poverty (severe and relative) in ABC is:



A breakdown of these data by poverty level produces the following figures:



These data speak for themselves and draw a clear line of intervention; the activities themselves must be innovative and multidimensional if we hope to break with this kind of situation, giving priority to finding people jobs but at the same time developing strategies that will influence other variables tied to social insertion.

* Principal situations of inequality and/or discrimination

Situations of inequality are the result of a series of deficits or needs, or of belonging to certain populations, that constitute discriminatory factors in social and working environments. The lack of a basic education, having a disability, belonging to certain racial or ethnic minorities, or the absence of minimum economic resources that make a decent life possible, are factors of inequality that create discriminatory positions within social and job environments.
Spanish to English: From "Alhambra and the Generalife: Official Guide"
General field: Art/Literary
Detailed field: History
Source text - Spanish
El sultán Muhammad II (1273-1302) dotó al emirato de nuevas instituciones administrativas, entre ellas el visirato o wuzara', responsable entre otros de la «Cancillería Real», y el Diwán al-Insa' especie de oficina de redacción. Esta recibía el encargo de redactar la correspondencia y los documentos oficiales, al frente de la cual estaba aquella persona que era considerada el mejor escritor del reino, que podía ostentar también el puesto de wazír o primer ministro. El Estado nazarí, que estaba en situación permanente de negociaciones y pactos con sus vecinos, necesitaba que lo dirigiera una persona capaz de dominar el difícil arte de la palabra. Si además sus escritos ensalzaban la figura de su señor el sultán y elogiaban la grandeza de sus obras, explica que la mayoría de sus poemas adornaran las principales estancias palatinas de la Alhambra. Se comprende así que los jóvenes literatos ambicionaran obtener un cargo como kátib o escribano en la corte nazarí. El Diwán al-Insa' era parecido a un taller en el que los escritores o kuttab ejercían como artesanos de la lengua árabe, modelando la poesía y la prosa rimada bajo la supervisión del arráez o jefe del gabinete. Los kuttab eran funcionarios que componían poemas panegíricos en honor de la dinastía, que se conocen con el nombre de qasidas sultaniyyas, con ocasión de la fiestas oficiales como la de los Sacrificios, la Ruptura del Ayuno o la del Nacimiento del Profeta; también ejercían en los eventos familiares como nacimientos, las batallas victoriosas y en ceremonias fúnebres, incluida la redacción de epitafios.
Los textos epigráficos de la Alhambra se deben fundamentalmente a tres poetas que estuvieron sucesivamente al frente de la Cancillería, a lo largo del siglo xiv, y describen los momentos más brillantes de la dinastía y, a su vez, son los más sobresalientes de la poesía nazarí.
El primero de los visires-poetas fue Ibn al-Yayyab (1274-1349), que consiguió mantenerse al servicio de seis sultanes, desde Muhammad II hasta Yúsuf I:

Sobre este palacio de peregrina belleza, brilla la grandeza del Sultán. Brilla su belleza y la lluvia de las nubes le cubre generosamente.

Su discípulo Ibn al-Jatib (1313-1375) estuvo al servicio de los grandes sultanes de la Alhambra, Yúsuf I y Muhammad V:

A todos supero con mi belleza, con mis adornos, con mi corona, y hasta los astros en sus casas zodiacales se inclinan hacia mí y aunque [la Alhambra] es alta en su órbita, yo [lo estoy más, porque] soy su esplendente diadema y su corona.

Lo sustituyó Ibn Zamrak (1333-1393), que asistió a Muhammad V y, alternativamente, a Yúsuf I y Muhammad VII:

La Sabika es una corona sobre sus cabellos a la que le gustaría adornarse con perlas, pero su Alhambra es un jacinto que se eleva sobre esta corona.
Translation - English
Sultan Muhammad II (1273-1302) provided the emirate with new administrative institutions, including a vizierate or wuzara', responsible for, among other things, the ‘Royal Chancellery’ and the Diwan al-Insa', a kind of writing department. This office was commissioned to draft correspondence and official documents and was headed by the person considered the kingdom’s best writer who could also hold the post of Wazir or Prime Minister. The Nasrid government, which was always conducting negotiations and making pacts with its neighbours, needed the office to be headed by someone capable of mastering the difficult art of the word. If his writings also praised the figure of his master the sultan and the greatness of his works, it would explain the reason why most of his poems adorn the palatial main rooms of the Alhambra. Thus we can understand why the ambitions of young writers centred on gaining a coveted position as a kátib or scribe in the Nasrid court. The Diwan al-Insa' was like a workshop in which writers or kuttab worked as artisans of the Arabic language, modelling poetry and rhymed prose under the supervision of the arráez or head of the office. The kuttab were civil servants who composed panegyrics – known as qasidas Sultaniyyain – in honour of the dynasty, for holidays such as the Sacrifices, the Breaking of the Fast or the Birth of the Prophet. They also worked on family events such as births, circumcisions, marriages, journeys, victorious returns from battle, and funeral ceremonies, including writing epitaphs.
The epigraphic writings from the Alhambra are mainly attributable to three poets who were successively in charge of the Chancellery throughout the 14th century. They describe the most brilliant moments of the dynasty and, in turn, are the most outstanding examples of Nasrid poetry.
The first of the vizier-poets was Ibn al-Yayyab (1274-1349), who managed to stay in the service of six sultans, from Muhammad II to Yusuf I:

The Sultan’s greatness shines on this palace of transient beauty. Its beauty shines and the rain from the clouds covers it generously.

His disciple Ibn al-Khatib (1313-1375) served the great sultans of the Alhambra, Yusuf I and Muhammad V:

I surpass all things with my beauty, my ornaments, my crown, and even the stars in their zodiac houses bow to me, and although [the Alhambra] rides high in its orbit, I [do so even more because] I am its shining diadem and its crown.

He was replaced by Ibn Zamrak (1333-1393), who served Muhammad V and, alternatively, Yusuf I and Muhammad VII:

The Sabika is a crown on her hair that she would like to adorn with pearls, but the Alhambra is a hyacinth that rises above this crown.

Spanish to English: From the book "Pilgram and New Apostle. St Francis on the Way of St James" (footnotes omitted)
General field: Art/Literary
Detailed field: History
Source text - Spanish
Sacralidad y sacralización
En general, espacios y caminos sagrados no existen, surgen los espacios sagrados. Respecto al Camino de Santiago se debe hablar, sobre todo, del proceso y no de un estado. La definición clásica de lo sagrado de Mircea Eliade, que ha seguido desarrollando las propuestas de Durkheim, parte de una dicotomía: “Lo sagrado y lo profano están frente a frente”. Lo sagrado, según Mircea Eliade, “enfrenta de alguna manera lo sagrado y la vida religiosa a lo profano y a la vida mundana”. Y en consecuencia en determinadas situaciones todo se puede tornar sagrado. Lo que queda reservado para los dioses es sagrado, lo demás, lo “pre-sagrado”, es lo profano. Rudolf Otto (1917) entendía lo sagrado como la dimensión irreal, lo sagrado es otra realidad que puede presentarse al hombre de manera estremecedora o atrayente (tremendum y fascinans). Esta descripción, sin embargo, conlleva una gran carga emocional y dificulta una aproximación científica. Para el Camino de Santiago el concepto de sacralización es más apropiado que el de sacralidad, porque con dicho concepto se subraya el proceso que tuvo lugar en la ruta de peregrinación durante la Edad Media.
Translation - English
Sacredness and sacralisation
In general, sacred spaces and paths do not exist; sacred spaces arise. With regard to the Way of St James, one must speak in particular of the process and not of a condition. The classic definition of “Sacred” by Mircea Eliade – who has continued to develop Durkheim’s proposals – starts off from a dichotomy: "The sacred and the profane confront each other”. The sacred, according to Mircea Eliade, "in some fashion confronts religious life and the sacred with worldly life and the profane". And so, in certain situations, everything can become sacred. What is reserved for the gods is sacred; everything else – the “pre-sacred” – is profane. Rudolf Otto (1917) understood the sacred as the unreal dimension; the sacred is another reality that can present itself to man in either a shocking or attractive manner (tremendum and fascinans). This description, though, is highly emotionally charged and impedes a scientific approach. For the Way of St James, the concept of “sacralisation” is more appropriate than the concept of “sacredness”, because the former concept emphasises the process that took place on the pilgrimage route during the Middle Ages.
Spanish to English: From "Brothers of the Craft"
General field: Art/Literary
Detailed field: Architecture
Source text - Spanish
Hace mucho, muchísimo tiempo, en Hydra, unos anónimos artesanos construyeron unas humildes viviendas cargadas de racionalidad y belleza. Llenas de reclamos para cada uno de nuestros sentidos. En esta isla hubo muchos Gnazios, campesinos o pescadores, que hicieron sus casas sobre las laderas abruptas, creando entre ellas una sincronía natural, homogénea, de puro sentido común.

En sus callejuelas todo parece mantener una continuidad inalterable. Los mismos materiales, las mismas sensaciones. Una mirada panorámica del pueblo nos proporciona la sensación de estar habitando en un gran anfiteatro formado por pequeñas edificaciones que bajan por la ladera hasta llegar al mar. Una unidad abigarrada en la que sobresalen las torres de pequeñas iglesias ortodoxas, en las que, en la mañana, suenan las campanas con un hermoso lenguaje que nunca supe descifrar.

Las callejas, zigzagueantes y empinadas, cubiertas en algunos tramos por construcciones y buganvillas, nos protegen con su sombra. A cada lado del camino, alegres carpinterías de madera. Amarillo, rojo, rosa, azul. Los colores dan vida al lugar, abriéndose en irregulares muros encalados. Los marmóreos, toscos y pulidos escalones ayudan a subir cada trecho de cuesta, con solo unas ásperas barandillas de hierro en algunos de sus tramos. Caminando, de nuevo, vienen a nosotros mil aromas: el olor a pescado en las brasas de una casita de comidas que pone las mesas sobre el camino; la fragancia de la madera fresca de un taller de carpintería, con una mula atada a la entrada y un canario cantando en una llamativa jaula amarilla; el olor del alquitrán con el que trabaja un pescador que calafatea su embarcación…
Translation - English
A long, long time ago in Hydra, some anonymous craftsmen built some humble dwellings full of rationality and beauty. Replete with elements appealing to each of our senses. On this island there were many Gnazios, farmers or fishermen who made their homes on steep hillsides, creating among them a natural and homogeneous synchronicity of pure common sense.

In its narrow streets, everything seems to maintain an unchanged continuity. The same materials, the same feelings. A panoramic look at the town gives us the feeling of inhabiting a large amphitheatre made of small buildings reaching down the slope until they reach the sea. A motley unit where the towers of small Orthodox churches stand out and in which, in the morning, the bells peal with a beautiful language that I was never able to decode.

The narrow streets, winding and steep, covered in some sections by buildings and bougainvilleas, protect us with its shade. On each side of the road, bright woodwork. Yellow, red, pink, blue. The colours bring life to the scene, fitted into uneven whitewashed walls. The rough and polished marble steps help one climb each stretch of the hill, with only a rough iron railing in some of its sections. Once again, walking, a thousand aromas waft to us: the smell of fish in the embers of a small eatery that puts its tables in the street, the fragrance of fresh wood from carpenter's shop with a mule tied to the entrance and a canary singing in a striking yellow cage, the smell of the tar a fisherman is working with to caulk his boat...
Spanish to English: From a 19th-century Spanish version of Eduardo Pondal's "Queixumes dos Pinos"
General field: Art/Literary
Detailed field: Poetry & Literature
Source text - Spanish
Aun recuerdo, aun, cuando yo era estudiante,
garrido rapacete, que bien regirse sabe;
cuando iba para Nemiña a estudiar el artes
del erudito Nebrija y del boo Villafañe;
e iba a caballo, alegre, cal suenen los chicos.
Pasado Vilaseco, lugar batido por el aire
en lo alto de la costa de Uces de montés canal;
pasado Vilaseco, yendo por la gandra adelante,
ya veía desde lejos el dolmen de Dombate.
Translation - English
I still remember, still, when I was a student,
a comely youth, who knew well how to govern himself;
when I went to Nemiña to study the arts
of the scholar Nebrija and the good Villafañe;
and I was riding my horse, happy, as youths ofttimes are.
Past Vilaseco, a place whipped by the air
on the high part of the Uces coast with the mountain channel;
past Vilaseco, with the scrubland before me,
I could see the dolmen of Dombate from afar.

Translation education Graduate diploma - Institute of Linguists
Experience Years of experience: 17. Registered at ProZ.com: May 2006. Became a member: Apr 2007.
ProZ.com Certified PRO certificate(s) N/A
Credentials Spanish to English (Chartered Institute of Linguists)
Memberships N/A
Software Adobe Acrobat, MateCat, memoQ, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, Trados Studio, Wordfast
CV/Resume CV available upon request
Events and training
Powwows attended
Professional practices Elizabeth Joy Pitt de Morales endorses ProZ.com's Professional Guidelines.
Bio

Philosophy

You can count on me to go the extra mile to attain the highest possible quality translation. Once finished, each translation is carefully proofread before being delivered on time and in the requested format.

I'm fast, accurate, flexible, reliable and honest. I enjoy my profession and the quality of my translations reflects my love of Spanish and my passion for high standards.

Overview

- B.A. (cum laude) in Spanish Language and Literature
- Diploma in Translation, Institute of Linguists Education Trust (DipTrans IoLET)
- Seventeen years’ full-time experience in technical translations, sociology/social sciences, history and culture, contracts, tourism, food and cooking, among other topics. See below for more detailed information.

I specialize in large projects with very short deadlines. If you have a very large project with a very tight deadline, contact me to find out how I can help you get a top-quality translation in the shortest possible time.

Added value

Upon request, I will report on any possible errors (typographical, grammatical, etc.) that I find in the source document. This is particularly invaluable in marketing documents such as web pages for e-commerce, marketing proposals, etc.

Recent projects 

This past year I've translated a book on the Alhambra's gardens, a novella, a book of children's stories and a full-length novel, and have continued to translate the in-flight magazines for Spain's largest airline, as I have for the past three years. Other recent projects include several corporate social responsibility reports, a handbook on audiovisual creation for novices, the course materials and dialogues for subtitling for two e-learning courses (Design Thinking and Project Management), protocols for preventing and detecting money laundering, verbatims on grape-growing and grape diseases, and wine labels and tasting notes, among others.


Academic credentials

I worked my way through university, earning a B.A. cum laude in Spanish Language and Literature from Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, along with more than 15 M.A. credits earned through the A Grade Advanced Placement Program while still an undergraduate. Most of my advanced studies were focused on linguistic theory and comparative historical Romance linguistics. After graduation, I was offered a position on W.S.U.'s adjunct faculty. I accepted the offer and taught second- and third-semester Spanish to university students for six semesters before moving to Spain.

Additional relevant qualifications/experience

I hold the Diploma in Translation from the Institute of Linguists. This post-graduate diploma is classified by the British Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) in the National Framework of Qualifications at level 7 (Master's level). If you are unfamiliar with this internationally recognized and highly regarded qualification, you can read more about it here: IOL.

I lived for ten years in southwest Detroit's barrio, where I became familiar with several variants of Latin American Spanish. In 1995, I moved to Málaga, Spain, where I briefly taught EFL at a local academy before beginning to work as a teacher of Spanish, eventually teaching Modern International History, British History and Child Care and Development as well, at a British international school on the Costa del Sol.

I've been a full-time freelance translator for the past 15 years. Prior to that, I translated part-time and as part of different jobs I held beginning in 1982.

Areas of expertise


Following are some past projects:

Literature: The One-Hundredth Door (2018), Intermezzo in Barcelona (2018), Stories for Children with Imagination (2018), Brothers of the Craft (2013), Pilgrim and New Apostle: St Francis on the Way of St James (2013) and The Alhambra and the Generalife: Official Guide (2010). 

Power Generation/Alternative Energies: I translated nearly all the documentation for five different solar-thermal power generation plants to be built at different locations in Spain. Totalling nearly 1,000,000 words, these documents included Environmental Impact Assessments (averaging some 150,000 words each), Preliminary Studies, Sound Models, Atmospheric Dispersion Models, Restoration Plans, Plans for Compensatory Measures, Wildlife Inventories, etc. Other projects include specifications for stringing high-voltage overhead lines, preliminary plans for the world's largest wind farm, cable quality specifications, reports on power generation and alternative energies for several Latin American countries, power generation-related publications in Official Gazettes (BOE), proposals for funding for algae-based bio-fuel research, portable solar power generation units, etc.

Other technical translations: Instruction manuals (paint, cement, concrete, household appliances, scaffolding, etc.), UNE (Spain) and COVENIN (Venezuela) technical standards, jet fuel storage and testing specifications, dam evaluations, tunnel construction projects, road signage, installation of fire fighting equipment, building exit standards, occupational risk prevention, factory health and safety guidelines, etc.

Sociology/Social Sciences: Archeological reports, reports on social exclusion, socio-economic impact reports, annual and quarterly reports from ONGs serving street children in various Central American countries, progress reports for the UN's Millennium Development Goals, etc.

Marketing: PowerPoint presentations of marketing campaigns, marketing survey results ("verbatims"), "secret shopper" instructions and reports, press releases.

History and Culture: Among other projects such as exhibition materials for several museums and a guide to historical sites in Spain. I have translated three books in the area of culture: The Alhambra and the Generalife: Official Guide; Brothers of the Craft (on anonymous architecture); and Pilgrim and New Apostle. St Francis on the Way of St James (on architecture, sculptures and paintings related to St. Francis’ pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela).

Contracts: Contracts and agreements of all types, especially those related to technology, engineering or civil works.

Tourism: The 2008 Andalusian Grandes experiencias: Turismo para Mayores en Andalucía (a nearly 200-page catalog of Andalusian holidays for seniors); extensive translation of tourism information on Andalusian, Galician and Basque Country destinations; brochures on local sites of interest for several Spanish cities; hotel materials (letters of welcome, fire safety instructions, room service menus, etc.). Museum exhibition information including guides and event publicity. 

 Back-translations: Clinical trial documentation, cross-cultural research documents, market research.

Food and Cooking: Restaurant/bar/cafe menus of all types (traditional, foreign, fusion, avant-garde cuisines); recipes and cookery books.

Formats

Word (all versions), .pdf, PowerPoint, Excel 

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PRO-level pts: 367


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Keywords: spanish, english, translation, translator, literary, literature, novel, power generation, alternative energy, renewable energy. See more.spanish, english, translation, translator, literary, literature, novel, power generation, alternative energy, renewable energy, solar, eolic, wind, environment, technical, engineering, business, annual reports, corporate social responsibility, contracts, culture, social science, web pages, proposals, tourism, history, art, ethics, geography, back-translations, backtranslations, back translation, informed consents, construction, occupational health and safety, risk prevention, specifications, civil works, verbatims, Spanish to English translator, localization, proofreading, editing. See less.


Profile last updated
Nov 23, 2023



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