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Spanish to English: What does Great Britain want? To have the cake and eat it General field: Other Detailed field: Government / Politics
Source text - Spanish ¿Qué es lo que quiere Gran Bretaña? Básicamente, estar a las maduras pero no a las duras
Los gestores del Eurotúnel contra los de los ferris de Folkestone y Zeebrugge. Países con una economía estrechamente vinculada a la británica como Irlanda, Malta y Holanda, contra los menos dependientes. Grandes contra pequeños. Nórdicos contra meridionales. Ricos contra pobres. El Este contra el Oeste. El Maquiavelo inglés pretende explotar al máximo todas esas diferencias para sacar tajada y que el Brexit no constituya un castigo económico. Conservar las ventajas del club sin pagar su cuota ni asumir sus responsabilidades. Aunque Londres ya no lo diga públicamente, en privado los funcionarios de la administración May admiten que sigue siendo el objetivo.
“Nunca intervengas cuando el enemigo se encuentra en proceso de destruirse a sí mismo”, decía Churchill. El Gobierno de Theresa May cuenta con que eso sea precisamente lo que haga la Unión Europea –de la que los británicos tienen una opinión muy pobre, de ahí la decisión de marcharse–. Fuentes del Foreign Office explican que en la última cumbre en Bruselas para ratificar los pactos sobre el dinero a pagar, los derechos de los residentes y la frontera de Irlanda, hubo ya tensiones que en su momento no recogió la prensa, y que el primer ministro de un país exclamó: “Supongo que nadie está sugiriendo que anteponga los intereses del bloque a los de mi país”.
Esa es precisamente la actitud que pretende “favorecer” Londres a lo largo y ancho de los próximos meses, cuando comiencen las negociaciones sector por sector, y los acuerdos –digamos– en el terreno de las manufacturas sean mucho más beneficiosos que –por citar un ejemplo– en la pesca, la industria textil, la aviación o la ganadería. “En el momento que unos países salgan más beneficiados que otros, la unidad de la UE estallará por los aires y será nuestra oportunidad para obtener lo que queremos”, opina uno de los responsables del Ministerio del Brexit.
¿Qué es lo que quiere Gran Bretaña? Básicamente, estar a las maduras pero no a las duras, como dijo en su día Boris Johnson ( have the cake and eat it, en la expresión inglesa). De manera más concreta, gozar del mayor número posible de ventajas del mercado único y la unión aduanera, pero sin pertenecer a ellos, y por tanto sin aceptar –una vez expirado el periodo de transición de dos años, en que todo seguirá igual– las decisiones de los tribunales europeos, y sin participar en la libertad de movimiento de trabajadores.
La aspiración de Londres es lo que llama la fórmula Canadá plus plus plus, que partiría de la base del acuerdo suscrito entre Bruselas y Ottawa que elimina el 98% de las tarifas y aranceles a las manufacturas, y añadiendo la pesca, la aviación y la banca. Los servicios financieros constituyen el mayor obstáculo, porque la UE nunca los ha incorporado a un pacto comercial, y capitales como Dublín, Frankfurt, París y Amsterdam aspiran a robar a la City buena parte de sus operaciones como castigo por el divorcio. Por otra parte, constituyen un porcentaje muy importante de la economía del Reino Unido, que está dispuesto a pagar para conservarlos.
“Este va a ser el gran campo de batalla –especula el funcionario del ministerio para la salida de Europa, uno de los principales acólitos de David Davis–. Nos gustaría conservar el pasaporte bancario que permite realizar transacciones en toda la Unión Europea, pero probablemente sólo nos van a ofrecer, y a un considerable coste, algún tipo de equivalencia para realizar las operaciones, pero de una manera más compleja y onerosa. Si limitamos la pérdida de puestos de trabajo a unos cuantos miles nos podremos dar con un canto en los dientes”.
“Europa es consciente de esta estrategia de divide y vencerás –reconoce el funcionario de Downing Street–, y va a procurar neutralizarla metiendo miedo a los países miembros sobre el peligro de entrar en una carrera con Gran Bretaña a ver quién baja más los estándares medioambientales y los impuestos de sociedades. Bruselas va a querer poner como condición para cualquier acuerdo comercial garantías de que nosotros, una vez libres de las regulaciones de la UE, no obtenemos ventajas competitivas en ningún sector, y si lo hacemos se aplicarán sanciones y tarifas. Pretenderán lo que se llama técnicamente un alineamiento regulatorio. Cuando ministros como Boris Johnson (Exteriores) o Liam Fox (Comercio Internacional) presumen en voz alta de la liberalización que vamos a lograr, en realidad están desatando las alertas y torpedeando la táctica negociadora”.
La posición de partida de la UE es que ni la aviación ni los servicios financieros pueden incorporarse al compromiso, dadas las líneas rojas trazadas por Londres, y en especial las restricciones a la inmigración. “No va a ser fácil pero veremos qué pasa, será sin duda lo último que se decida, y a la hora de la verdad todo tiene un precio. Hay países europeos que, por ejemplo, tienen particular interés en mantener el acceso a las aguas territoriales británicas para pescar. Otros tendrán que contribuir más que hasta ahora a los presupuestos comunitarios, o perderán ayudas y fondos estructurales con los que contaban, y verían con buenos ojos una generosa aportación por nuestra parte a cambio de que la City conserve sus privilegios. Dinamarca, por ejemplo, nos ha dicho que no quiere aportar ni un duro más”, comenta el funcionario del Foreign Office.
Si hasta ahora la unidad de los
27 ha sido absoluta, el cisma en el bando británico no ha sido tan terrible como algunos pronosticaban. Conscientes de que un desafío al liderazgo de May podría desembocar en elecciones anticipadas, la victoria del laborista Corbyn y el rechazo al Brexit, los más euroescépticos han optado por mantenerla a flote conformándose con la salida del mercado único, aunque haya hecho concesiones importantes en la factura a pagar y en la cuestión de Irlanda. Algunos han ladrado, pero la sangre no ha llegado al río. Gran Bretaña fue el mayor imperio comercial del mundo, el comercio es lo suyo, y se moría de ganas de empezar a hablar de comercio.
Translation - English What does Great Britain want? Basically, to have the cake and eat it.
The Bristish Government thinks it’s saved the day in the darkest stages of Brexit (given previous agreements) and they are in a much better position now to start discussing trade; also, the negotiations will be at sector level and more specific. This is where Britain believes its divide and conquer strategy at work to confront the Europeans will yield its gains.
What does Great Britain want? Basically, to have the cake and eat it.
“we thought the unity of the EU would break down much earlier, but this wasn’t the case because Michel Barnier was the only interlocutor and the 27 governments have refrained from interfering, displaying an unexpected discipline, explained a Downing Street official. But maintaining it in 2018 would prove difficult, due to the clash between various national interests.
The Spanish fishermen against the French farmers. The German car industry against the Belgian steel one. The Italian leather manufacturers against the Dutch Schiphol airport operatives.
The managers of Eurotunnel against against the ferris of Folkestone and Zeebridge. Countries with economies strongly linked to the British one, like Ireland, Malta and Holand, against less dependent countries. Big ones against small ones. Nothern against Southern countries. Rich against poor. The East against the West. The machiavellic English intends to exploit these differences to the fullest to his own advantage and to ensure that Brexit does not turn out to be an economic forfeit.
Preserving the membership advantages without paying its part nor fulfilling its responsibilities. Although London does not publically admit it, the May administration does admit to this objective behind the scenes.
“Never interfere when the enemy is in the process of self-destruction”, Churchill used to say. Theresa May’s government is counting with the European Union, of which they hold a very poor opinion hence the decision to leave it, finding itself in this exact same situation. Foreign Office sources revealed tensions present in the last Brussels summit held to ratify the arrangement regarding the exit fees, resident’s rights and the Irish border, albeit these were not picked up by the media at the time of the summit when the prime minister proclaimed: “ I don’t suppose anyone is suggesting that we prioritise the block’s interests over our country’s”.
This is precisely the mindset promoted by London in the next few month, when the sector by sector negotiations are due to commence and the agreements, for example, reached in manufacturing are likely to be more beneficial in fishing, aviations or cattle farming. “As soon as some countries start reaping more benefits than others, the unity of the EU will breakdown and this will be our opportunity to get what we want”, commented one of the Brexit Ministry officers.
What does Great Britain want? Basically, have the cake and eat it, as Boris Johnson admitted. More to the point, reaping as many benefits as possible from the single market and the border union, but without forming part of any and therefore, once the 2 year transition period expires without accepting the decisions of the European courts nor adhering to the freedom of movement.
London’s aspirations meet the Canadian plus plus plus formula, based on the agreement between Brussels and Ottawa that removes 98% of the tariffs and taxes concerning large scale industries but also fishing, aviation and banking.
Financial services are the key impediment here, as these were never incorporated by the EU into a financial pact, and capitals like Dublin, Frankfurt, Paris and Amsterdam will aspire to rob London of a large part of its operations as a divorce penalty. On the other hand, UK is willing to pay for the preservation of these service since they makeup a very significant percentage of UK’s economy.
It’s this area that will constitute the battlefield, speculates the Brexit Ministry’s official, one of David Davis’ main assistant. We would like to hold on to the banking passport allowing us to make transactions all over the EU, but, in most likelihood, we would only be offered some sort of equivalent status at a considerable cost in order to carry on undertaking these operations, but in more complex and onerous manner. If we limit the job loss to a few thousand we can consider ourselves very lucky.
“Europe is aware of the “divide and conquer” strategy, admits the Downing street’s official, and will seek to neutralize it by scaremongering the member countries over the danger of entering a deal with Great Britain to see which ones will offer the lowest environmental standards and corporation taxes.
Brussels will need the assurance that, once free from EU regulations, we will not benefit from any competitive advantage in any sector, and, if we do, this will be subject to application of sanctions and tariffs. This will be the condition for any future commercial relations with Brussels. What they intend to put in place is technically a regulatory alignment. When prime ministers like Boris Johnson (external) or Liam Fox (International Trade) shout out the benefits of the liberalization that we’ll achieve , what they are doing in reality is issuing alerts and torpedo on the negotiating tactics.
The EU’s baseline position is that neither the aviation nor financial services can be part of the compromise, given the red lines drawn up by London, especially with regards to the immigration restrictions. “It won’t be easy but we’ll see what happens, it will be undoubtedly the last thing to be decided, in the moment of truth everything has a cost. For instance, there are European countries with a special interest in retaining access to the Britain’s territorial seas for fishing. Others will have to increase their contributions to community budgets, or they risk losing critical aids and structural funding. This will make them see our generous contribution in exchange for the preservations of their right in a more favourable light. Denmark, for example, told us they are not prepared to contribute another single penny, commented the Foreign Office official.
If up until now the unity of the 27 has been unshakeable, the divide in the British gang has not been as terrible as some had predicted and all has not gone pear-shape. Aware that challenging May’s leadership could result in anticipated elections, the victory of Labour’s Corbyn and the rejection of Brexit, the most euro-sceptical opted to keep her afloat and accept leaving the single market, although she made significant concessions on the exit bill and the Irish border. A lot of noise has been made, but Great Britain was the biggest commercial empire in the world, and, with trade as its main strength, the trade discussions cannot start sooner.
Spanish to English: Transparency-suggestions and realities General field: Other Detailed field: Government / Politics
Source text - Spanish La Transparencia: propuestas y realidades
Tanto en las recientes campañas electorales, como en la resaca poselectoral, uno de los escasos puntos de encuentro entre las diversas fuerzas políticas ha sido la reivindicación de una mayor transparencia en la gestión pública.
Los candidatos, especialmente aquellos con compañeros de partido afectados por escándalos de corrupción, parecían inmersos, a modo de catarsis, en una suerte de competición de "yo soy más transparente que tú". En las últimas semanas hemos escuchado propuestas de todo tipo y alcance: desde la presentación de declaración de bienes de los cónyuges de los responsables políticos, a la publicación detallada de las agendas de los cargos públicos, la creación de oficinas municipales antifraude o la rendición de cuentas de los gastos de representación.
Pues bien, al margen del posible rédito político de dichas reivindicaciones, llama la atención que se formulen, cuando, en poco más de dos años, en España se ha producido un avance fundamental en esta materia, con la publicación de un buen elenco de leyes de transparencia, acceso a la información pública y buen gobierno, por las Cortes y numerosos parlamentos autonómicos. Esas leyes están todavía huérfanas de desarrollo reglamentario y no han tenido tiempo material de implementarse por las administraciones públicas.
Su promulgación ha sido sin duda tardía, ya que España ha sido uno de los últimos Estados de la Unión Europea en aprobar normativas sobre transparencia; sin embargo, la tramitación parlamentaria ha sido, en general, precipitada, y más preocupada por generar un efecto cauterizador de la sangría de la corrupción, que por establecer unos objetivos realistas. De hecho, en la mayoría de los casos, se han fijado unos plazos de entrada en vigor difícilmente asumibles, atendidas las necesidades técnicas, jurídicas, económicas y de formación de personal, que supone el cumplimiento de las obligaciones en esta materia.
La realidad es que los principios de transparencia han sido, en buena medida, elaborados por catedráticos de universidad, difundidos por ONGs, asumidos por los partidos políticos, en muchos casos, más como reacción al clima de desafección, que por verdadera convicción, legislados con una técnica mejorable, e implementados por informáticos.
Ha faltado, a mi entender, un debate sereno sobre el alcance de las medidas a adoptar, una labor pedagógica sobre el verdadero trasfondo de las propuestas en materia de transparencia, más allá del carácter coyuntural de antídoto frente a la corrupción, y una valoración realista de las dificultades de su activación.
En cualquier caso, el reto para las Administraciones Públicas está servido, ya que, al cumplimiento formal de las disposiciones de publicidad activa, derecho a la información, gobierno abierto y buen gobierno, se añade el verdadero objetivo de la nueva normativa: una nueva cultura en la gestión pública, en la que la interacción entre gobernantes y ciudadanos redunde en una democracia más consolidada y una mayor eficacia y eficiencia de la Administración, con una gestión responsable y sostenible de los recursos públicos
Translation - English Transparency: suggestions and reality
In recent electoral campaigns as well as during the post election hangover, one of the very few points of consensus amongst various political parties has been the call for increased transparency in the management of public affairs.
The candidates, especially those with colleagues in their own parties affected by corruption scandals, seemed cathartically immersed in a type of competition of the “I’m more transparent than you” kind. During last week we’ve listened to all sorts of suggestions, from visibility of declarations of assets belonging to partners of political officials to the detailed publication of the public officials’ agendas, setting up of counter-fraud municipal offices or disclosing accountability for costs of representation.
Well, aside from the political gains of said claims, another aspect calling attention is the formulation of such proposals by the Courts and numerous autonomous parliaments, when in slightly less than 2 years Spain has seen a fundamental progress in this area, with the publication of a good set of transparency laws and access to public information and a good government. These laws still lack the statutory development and have not had sufficient time to get implemented by the public administrations.
No doubt this promulgation has been delayed, given that Spain was one of the last EU nations to approve transparency legislations. Instead, the parliamentary process has been generally hasty and more concerned with generating a cauterizing effect of the corruption haemorrhage than establishing realistic objectives. In fact, in the majority of cases, the deadlines set for implementation will be difficult to achieve, given the technical, legal, economic and staff training requirements specific to this area.
The reality is that the principles of transparency have been by drawn up by and large by university professors, disseminated through NGOs, adopted by political parties in many cases more as a reaction to the climate of disaffection than a genuine conviction, legalised with a technique that required improvement and implemented by informatics.
In my understanding, there has been a lack of open debate about the scope of the measures being adopted, a lack of pedagogical work in order to understand the real background of the proposals in regards to transparency beyond the circumstantial quality of an antidote to corruption and a realistic evaluation of snagging issues.
In any case, the challenge for the Public Administration is there, given that in addition to the formal implementation of the provisions for active publicity, information rights, open and good government, there is also the real objective of this new legislation: an emerging culture under public administration, wherein the interaction between government and citizens merges in a more consolidated democracy and increased efficacy and efficiency of the Administration, with a responsible and sustainable management of public resources.
Spanish to English: Language of the dead-literature translation General field: Art/Literary
Source text - Spanish El idioma de los Muertos
Con la turbación con que se pronuncia un sortilegio, Juan Senra, profesor de chelo,
dijo sí y, sin saberlo, salvó momentáneamente su vida.
–¿De verdad le conoció a mi hijo? –preguntó el coronel Eymar, sacudiendo
su somnolencia e iniciando un gesto de aproximación al acusado, algo parecido al
5 interés de un entomólogo que se fija en algo diminuto que se mueve.
–Sí.
–¡Sí, mi coronel! –tronó atiplado su coronel.
–Sí, mi coronel.
Juan Senra llevaba en pie desde el alba, vestido con un mono azul y un jersey raído
10 que dejaba entrar el frío y manar el miedo. Su extremada delgadez, la nuez que
saltaba asustada cada vez que tragaba saliva y un abatimiento que enarcaba sus
espaldas hasta hacer de él algo convexo, le habían convertido en una cicatriz de
hombre incapaz ya de fijar la mirada sin sentir náuseas.
El coronel Eymar era diminuto. Sus manos asomaban por las bocamangas lo justo
15 para tener siempre un cigarrillo encendido en la punta de sus dedos índice y anular
que terminaban en unas uñas color ambarino sucio, como soasadas por el calor del
tabaco. Un pescuezo enjuto de ave de mal agüero sobresalía por el alzacuellos que
coronaba su guerrera demasiado grande, demasiado raída para pertenecer a un
guerrero.
20 –¿Dónde?
–En la cárcel de Porlier, mi coronel. Le trasladaron de la checa de Chamberí
en mayo de 1938. Mi coronel.
Aunque el tribunal lo componían tres militares, el capitán Martínez y el alférez
Rioboo dejaron de hacer preguntas y se relegaron en los respaldos de sus sillas
25 otorgando con este gesto todo el protagonismo a su superior jerárquico.
Junto al acusado, que sólo el rigor del miedo lograba mantener enhiesto, el teniente
Alonso, que ejercía cansinamente de secretario del tribunal, distraído por las
continues overleaf
6
DT/2010/SPANISH/UNIT 02C (Literature) cont.
respuestas del reo, interrumpió momentáneamente sus abigarrados dibujos de
banderas superpuestas unas sobre otras creando un campo infinito de estandartes
30 drapeados como si jamás hubiera existido el viento.
El coronel estaba buscando en la lista que tenía ante sus ojos el nombre del
acusado. Juan Senra Sama, masón, organizador del presidio popular, comunista,
soltero y criminal de guerra.
–¿Y habló con mi hijo?
35 –Sí, en varias ocasiones. La última el día en que fue fusilado.
Y entonces el pensamiento turbio de Eymar cristalizó aristado y punzante como los
añicos de la loza trizada. Todas las mañanas, cuando su mujer le ayudaba a
calzarse el tabardo desvaído sobre sus desvaídas espaldas, le repetía «Acuérdate
de Miguelito». Mientras su asistente le trasladaba en el sidecar hasta el tribunal de
40 Represión de la Masonería y el Comunismo que presidía, pensaba en Miguelito.
¿Cómo iba a olvidar a Miguelito? El héroe de su estirpe que había muerto sólo para
ser vengado.
-*-
Translation - English Language of the dead-Alberto Mendez extract.
With the trepidation of casting a spell, chello teacher Juan Serra said yes, and, without even knowing, saved his own life for a moment:
-Did you really know my son? Asked colonel Eymer, shaking off is sleepiness and initiating a gesture of closeness to the defendant, something resembling the interest of an entomologists in a tiny little moving thing.
-Yes
-Yes, my colonel! Thundered the colonel in high pitch.
-Yes, my colonel.
Juan Serra has been up since the sunrise, dressed in a blue jumpsuit and a worn-out jersey that let the cold and the fear run through. His extreme thinness, the adam apple that jumped in fear everytime he swallowed saliva and a despondency that arched his back to the point of making him convex, had turned him into a shade of a man, something impossible to stare at without feeling nauseous.
Colonel Eymar was small. His hands peaked through his sleeves just enough to be able to always hold a cigarette between the tips of his index and middle finger which ended with dirty-yellow nails, as if they’d been roasted by the heat from the tabacco. A neck as bony as that of an ominous bird poked out of his collar topping a combat jacket that was too huge and too worn out to belong to a fighter.
Where?
To the Porlier prison, my colonel. They transferred him from the Chamberi secret service in May 1938, my colonel.
Although the court consisted of three militaries, captain Martinez and sub-lieutenant Riobbo stopped asking questions and relegated themselves to the back of their chairs, a gesture intended to give full centre-stage to their hierarchical superior.
Along with the defendant, that only remained upright by virtue of his fear, lieutenant Alonso that was languidly fulfilling his duty of court secretary, distracted by the defendant’s questions, suddenly interrupted his scribbles of overlaid flags that created an infinite stretch of draped banners as if the wind never existed.
The colonel was looking for the defendant’s name in the list in front of him. Juan Senra Sama, mason, founder of the public prison, communist, single and war criminal.
- So did you speak to my son?
- Yes, on various occasions. The last time was on the day he was executed.
And in that moment Eymars blurry mind flared up sharply, like splinters of broken china. Every morning, whilst his wife was helping him put his faded tabard over his faded back, he would repeat: “Remember Miguelito”. Whilst his assistant was transporting him in the sidecar to the Masonery Court of Repression and Comunism that he was chairing, he was thinking of Miguelito. How could he forget Miguelito? The hero of his bloodline who died only so he could be avenged.
Spanish to English: Rings for a lady
Source text - Spanish Anilllos para una dama
JERÓNIMO. Cuando el Cid murió, lloró toda Europa. Se quedaron sin nadie los
campos de Castilla. La cristiandad perdió su santo y seña. Cuando, hoy hace dos
años, Rodrigo de Vivar cerró los ojos, murió el más grande guerrero y el más grande
caudillo de que queda memoria. Nunca, desde Alejandro, hubo un hombre tan
grande… A mí, que lo enterré, me pareció mentira que tan alta montaña cupiera en 5
tan humildes parihuelas. Desde ese día podemos llamarnos de tú unos a otros; ya
somos todos de la misma estatura. A veces, recién rezadas vísperas mientras el sol
declina a los pies de un naranjo…
JIMENA. (Interrumpe, volviéndose un poco a DOÑA CONSTANZA.) Será en la
huerta que mi marido le regaló en Juballa. 10
JERÓNIMO. (Continúa después de mirar a JIMENA.) …me pregunto si no
habremos soñado. A veces, en esta iglesia de Santa María (Subrayando mientras
mira a JIMENA, que aprueba.), de la que él tuvo a bien darme la sede, me pregunto
si él no habrá sido un sueño… Si no ha existido nunca y lo hemos inventado como
se inventa la esperanza, o si, por el contrario, él no ha muerto y se abrirán las 15
puertas de Valencia y una voz gritará: “¡Mío Cid se acerca! ¡Mío Cid está llegando!”
… (JIMENA vuelve la cabeza como si, en efecto, fuese a aparecer alguien. MARÍA
solloza apenas.) Cuando un amanecer de octubre se presentó, ante los muros de
Valencia, a solas, sin recursos, sin rey y sin ejército y sin bandera por la que luchar,
hubiera parecido un insensato si no fuese el héroe solitario, el mito, la encarnación 20
de la gloria de España… Más poderoso que los reyes, repudió su destino de
modesto hijodalgo, salió a ganar su pan fuera de Castilla. Desterrado, hizo y deshizo
reyes con su dedo meñique… Jugaba al ajedrez sobre los anchos campos… El Dios
de Sabaoth lo envió con la espada a los lomos, después de haberle musitado en la
oreja su consigna. Que el Dios de Sabaoth nos haga dignos de él… (JIMENA, quizá 25
impaciente, se mueve y hace sonar la pedrería del riquísimo ceñidor que lleva a la
cintura.)
MARÍA. No hagas ruido.
JIMENA. Al obispo también le suenan las espuelas y yo no me he quejado.
JERÓNIMO. (Como si no hubiese oído.) España, que por él durará hasta el fin de 30
los tiempos, no lo olvidará nunca. No olvidará sus ojos suaves o airados, su grito de
batalla, su gesto majestuoso, su mesura… (A JIMENA se le cae el libro de Horas.
MINAYA se lo alcanza.)
JIMENA. (Sonriendo.) Gracias, Minaya.
JERÓNIMO. …su barba nazarena, hecha un nudo como su corazón por volver a 35
Castilla… Hace dos años hoy nos dejó solos el más honrado de los hombres.
Translation - English Rings for a lady
Jeronimo: When Cid died, the whole of Europe cried. There was no-one left on the fields of Castille. Christianity had lost its saint and symbol. When Rodrigo de Vivar closed his eyes two years ago, that was when the greatest warrior and leader yet remembered had passed away. There had never been such a great man since Alejandro. For me, who buried him, it seemed impossible that such a tall mountain could fit on five little stretches. Since that day we could call eachother by name; we’re all the same height now. Sometimes, recent prayers in the wind whilst the sun sets at the foot of an orange tree.
Chess board
Jimena (interrupts, turning slightly towards Mrs Constanza).
It could be on the farm given by my husband in Juballa.
Jeronimo (Carries on after looking at Jimena): I wondered if we’ve dreamt it. Sometimes, in this Santa Maria Church (emphasising whilst looking at Jimena, who approves) where he allowed me to live, I wonder if he’d been a dream himself. If he’d never existed and we just made him up in the same way we make up hope, or, the opposite, he has never died and the 15 gates of Valencia will open with a voice screaming: My Cid is getting closer, my Cid is coming! (Jimena turns her hear around as if someone was coming, Maria barely weeps). When he turned up one October morning before the Valencia walls, alone and without possessions, without a king or an army or a flag to fight for, he would have looked like a fool had he not been the solitary hero, the myth, the re-incarnation of the Spanish glory of the 20’s. More powerful than the kings, he repudiated his destiny of a modest peasant and went on to earn his bread outside of Castille. He moved mountains with his little finger, he was playing field chess. The God of Sabaoth had sent him on a mission with a sword in his hand, having whispered his slogan in his ear. May the God of Sabaoh make us worthy of him. (Jimena, seemingly impatient, moves and makes the stones attached to her precious belt around her waist rattle)
Maria. Don’t make noise.
Jimena: The Bishop’s spur is also noisy and I’ve never complained.
Jeronimo: (as if he hasn’t heard): Spain, that thanks to him will last until the end of times, will never forget him. It won’t forget his gentle or irate eyes, his battle scream, his majestic gesture, his composure (Jimena drops the Hours book, Minaya catches it).
Jimena (smiling): Thank you Minaya
Jeonimon: His Nazarene beard, tightened in a knot just like his heart for coming back to Castille… Two years ago the most honourable of men left us.
Spanish to English: Ruminants teeth provide an indication of the climate and flora of the Miocene era General field: Science Detailed field: Botany
Source text - Spanish Los dientes de los rumiantes nos indican cómo era el clima y la vegetación en el Mioceno
El estudio se acaba de publicar en Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.
Una investigación liderada por el paleobiólogo Jorge Morales del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) aborda la reconstrucción ambiental y climática del Mioceno medio en el centro de España a partir del desgaste dental en rumiantes.
Hace entre 11 y 15 millones de años, en el Mioceno medio, los primates experimentaron una importante radiación evolutiva que les permitió extenderse por el continente euroasiático. No obstante, no hay registro fósil de primates en las cuencas centrales españolas, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación ha sido conocer de manera más detallada el contexto medioambiental y climático de esta zona durante la época de dispersión de los primates. Para ello, la reconstrucción paleoambiental de ese período se ha abordado a partir del estudio de los hábitos alimentarios de los rumiantes, uno de los grupos de mamíferos más exitosos y con una extraordinaria diversidad tanto geográfica como taxonómica. Su dieta, estrictamente herbívora, los convierte en excelentes indicadores del ambiente en el que vivieron.
A menudo se suele decir que somos lo que comemos, y sin duda, los alimentos dejan una huella inconfundible en los dientes que los paleontólogos pueden identificar. En el caso de los ungulados, el agente de desgaste más importante son unas partículas microscópicas de sílice producidas por las plantas llamadas fitolitos. En función del tipo de vegetal que se consuma (hierba, frutos, hojas de árbol, etc.) y del tipo de animal en base a la dieta (pacedor, ramoneador o mixto) las marcas que aparecen son diferentes. Los pacedores, o comedores de pasto o hierba, tienen una dieta más abrasiva que se traduce en una mayor cantidad de microestrías y en cúspides dentales más redondeadas que aquellas de los ramoneadores, que comen hojas, brotes o frutos de árboles o arbustos.
El equipo investigador, integrado por científicos del Institut Catalá de Paleontología (ICP), de la Universidad de Zaragoza y del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, ha combinado dos métodos para analizar el desgaste dentario; Daniel DeMiguel que realizó su Tesis doctoral en el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales del CSIC nos lo explica: “Hemos utilizado una metodología de investigación poco común, pero muy potente. Con la técnica del microdesgaste hemos analizado las marcas microscópicas registradas en el esmalte dental. A través de las fotografías tomadas con un microscopio electrónico, que nos permiten ampliar 500 veces la muestra, hemos inferido lo que el animal comió en los últimos instantes (días y horas) previos a su muerte; esto es así porque las marcas que aparecen cuando el animal se alimenta borran de algún modo aquellas de días anteriores. La otra técnica que hemos utilizado, el mesodesgaste, estudia el relieve oclusal y el contorno de las cúspides de los dientes para averiguar los alimentos ingeridos durante un periodo de tiempo más prolongado (semanas y meses). Ambas técnicas son complementarias y los datos obtenidos de la muestra fósil se comparan después con bases de datos de ungulados actuales con dietas conocidas. Con esta metodología podemos por ejemplo estudiar los cambios climáticos del pasado, para así tratar de comprender lo que está ocurriendo en la actualidad”.
El estudio del desgaste de los dientes sugiere que los cérvidos y bóvidos encontrados en las comunidades fósiles vivían mayoritariamente en ambientes áridos y estacionales. Sin embargo, algunas zonas parecen haber sido más húmedas y arbóreas, mostrando una mayor similitud con áreas en donde sí había primates. Los datos parecen indicar la existencia de un cambio climático, con el consecuente cambio en la vegetación, hace unos 12,6 millones de años, y la transición de un clima seco y con estaciones muy marcadas, a un clima más húmedo y con estaciones más atenuadas.
El análisis del desgaste dentario aún permite ir más allá, ya que los resultados indican que especies similares desde el punto de vista ecológico podían vivir juntas (en simpatría) manteniendo un comportamiento alimenticio mixto. A su vez, junto con este oportunismo en la dieta que les permitía comer una amplia variedad de vegetales, la especialización de algunas especies en frutos y semillas, en vez de hojas, también evitaba la competencia por los recursos.
Translation - English Ruminant’s teeth provide an indication of the climate and flora of the Miocene era
This study was recently published in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.
An investigation led by the paleobiologist Jorge Morales of the National Science Museum (CSIC) approaches the ambiental and climatic reconstruction of the middle Micoene in central Spain, departing from the remnants of ruminant’s teeth.
Between 11 and 15 millions years ago, during the middle Miocene, the primates underwent an important evolutionary radiation that allowed their extension across the Eurasian continent. However, as there is no record of primates fossils in the Spanish central basin, the aim of this investigation was to get a more detailed knowledge of the environmental and climatic context of this area during the dispersion of the primates. To this end, the paleo-environmental reconstruction of this period was approached through studying the eating habits of the ruminants, as one of the most successful groups of mammals displaying an extraordinary geographical and taxoniomic diversity. Their strictly herbivorous diet makes them excellent indicators to the environment they once inhabited.
We often say “we are what we eat”, and there is no doubt that the food we eat leaves unmistakeable marks on the teeth that can be identified by paleotologists. For hoofed animals, the most important deterioration agents are some microscopic silice particles produced by plants called phytoliths. These marks are different, depending on the type of vegetables consumed (grass, fruit, tree leaves) and how the food is procured (grazing, reaching out for branches or both). The grazers, or ones that eat grass have a more abrasive diet that translates in a larger amount of micro striations and more rounded dental peaks than the ones of those that eat branches, buds or fruits from trees or bushes.
The investigating team made up of scientists from the Catalan Institute of Paleontoloy (ICP), University of Zaragoza and the National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, combined two methods to analyse dental deterioration. Daniel De Miguel who took his PhD at the National Museum of Natural Sciences of CSIC explains: We have employed an unusual but very strong investigation method. We have analysed the microscopic marks on the dental enamel making use of the micro-deterioration technique. Through the examination of photos taken with an electronic microscope that enabled us to amplify the sample 500 times, he have managed to infer what the animal had eaten in its last instances (days and hours) prior to its death. That is because the marks that come up on the teeth during the animals’ most recent meal somehow erase the ones from previous days.
Spanish to English: Ruminants' teeth provide an indication of the climate and flora of the Miocene era General field: Science Detailed field: Botany
Source text - Spanish Los dientes de los rumiantes nos indican cómo era el clima y la vegetación en el Mioceno
El estudio se acaba de publicar en Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.
Una investigación liderada por el paleobiólogo Jorge Morales del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) aborda la reconstrucción ambiental y climática del Mioceno medio en el centro de España a partir del desgaste dental en rumiantes.
Hace entre 11 y 15 millones de años, en el Mioceno medio, los primates experimentaron una importante radiación evolutiva que les permitió extenderse por el continente euroasiático. No obstante, no hay registro fósil de primates en las cuencas centrales españolas, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación ha sido conocer de manera más detallada el contexto medioambiental y climático de esta zona durante la época de dispersión de los primates. Para ello, la reconstrucción paleoambiental de ese período se ha abordado a partir del estudio de los hábitos alimentarios de los rumiantes, uno de los grupos de mamíferos más exitosos y con una extraordinaria diversidad tanto geográfica como taxonómica. Su dieta, estrictamente herbívora, los convierte en excelentes indicadores del ambiente en el que vivieron.
A menudo se suele decir que somos lo que comemos, y sin duda, los alimentos dejan una huella inconfundible en los dientes que los paleontólogos pueden identificar. En el caso de los ungulados, el agente de desgaste más importante son unas partículas microscópicas de sílice producidas por las plantas llamadas fitolitos. En función del tipo de vegetal que se consuma (hierba, frutos, hojas de árbol, etc.) y del tipo de animal en base a la dieta (pacedor, ramoneador o mixto) las marcas que aparecen son diferentes. Los pacedores, o comedores de pasto o hierba, tienen una dieta más abrasiva que se traduce en una mayor cantidad de microestrías y en cúspides dentales más redondeadas que aquellas de los ramoneadores, que comen hojas, brotes o frutos de árboles o arbustos.
El equipo investigador, integrado por científicos del Institut Catalá de Paleontología (ICP), de la Universidad de Zaragoza y del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, ha combinado dos métodos para analizar el desgaste dentario; Daniel DeMiguel que realizó su Tesis doctoral en el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales del CSIC nos lo explica: “Hemos utilizado una metodología de investigación poco común, pero muy potente. Con la técnica del microdesgaste hemos analizado las marcas microscópicas registradas en el esmalte dental. A través de las fotografías tomadas con un microscopio electrónico, que nos permiten ampliar 500 veces la muestra, hemos inferido lo que el animal comió en los últimos instantes (días y horas) previos a su muerte; esto es así porque las marcas que aparecen cuando el animal se alimenta borran de algún modo aquellas de días anteriores. La otra técnica que hemos utilizado, el mesodesgaste, estudia el relieve oclusal y el contorno de las cúspides de los dientes para averiguar los alimentos ingeridos durante un periodo de tiempo más prolongado (semanas y meses). Ambas técnicas son complementarias y los datos obtenidos de la muestra fósil se comparan después con bases de datos de ungulados actuales con dietas conocidas. Con esta metodología podemos por ejemplo estudiar los cambios climáticos del pasado, para así tratar de comprender lo que está ocurriendo en la actualidad”.
El estudio del desgaste de los dientes sugiere que los cérvidos y bóvidos encontrados en las comunidades fósiles vivían mayoritariamente en ambientes áridos y estacionales. Sin embargo, algunas zonas parecen haber sido más húmedas y arbóreas, mostrando una mayor similitud con áreas en donde sí había primates. Los datos parecen indicar la existencia de un cambio climático, con el consecuente cambio en la vegetación, hace unos 12,6 millones de años, y la transición de un clima seco y con estaciones muy marcadas, a un clima más húmedo y con estaciones más atenuadas.
El análisis del desgaste dentario aún permite ir más allá, ya que los resultados indican que especies similares desde el punto de vista ecológico podían vivir juntas (en simpatría) manteniendo un comportamiento alimenticio mixto. A su vez, junto con este oportunismo en la dieta que les permitía comer una amplia variedad de vegetales, la especialización de algunas especies en frutos y semillas, en vez de hojas, también evitaba la competencia por los recursos.
Translation - English Ruminant’s teeth provide an indication of the climate and flora of the Miocene era
This study was recently published in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.
An investigation led by the paleobiologist Jorge Morales of the National Science Museum (CSIC) approaches the ambiental and climatic reconstruction of the middle Micoene in central Spain, departing from the remnants of ruminant’s teeth.
Between 11 and 15 millions years ago, during the middle Miocene, the primates underwent an important evolutionary radiation that allowed their extension across the Eurasian continent. However, as there is no record of primates fossils in the Spanish central basin, the aim of this investigation was to get a more detailed knowledge of the environmental and climatic context of this area during the dispersion of the primates. To this end, the paleo-environmental reconstruction of this period was approached through studying the eating habits of the ruminants, as one of the most successful groups of mammals displaying an extraordinary geographical and taxoniomic diversity. Their strictly herbivorous diet makes them excellent indicators to the environment they once inhabited.
We often say “we are what we eat”, and there is no doubt that the food we eat leaves unmistakeable marks on the teeth that can be identified by paleotologists. For hoofed animals, the most important deterioration agents are some microscopic silice particles produced by plants called phytoliths. These marks are different, depending on the type of vegetables consumed (grass, fruit, tree leaves) and how the food is procured (grazing, reaching out for branches or both). The grazers, or ones that eat grass have a more abrasive diet that translates in a larger amount of micro striations and more rounded dental peaks than the ones of those that eat branches, buds or fruits from trees or bushes.
The investigating team made up of scientists from the Catalan Institute of Paleontoloy (ICP), University of Zaragoza and the National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, combined two methods to analyse dental deterioration. Daniel De Miguel who took his PhD at the National Museum of Natural Sciences of CSIC explains: We have employed an unusual but very strong investigation method. We have analysed the microscopic marks on the dental enamel making use of the micro-deterioration technique. Through the examination of photos taken with an electronic microscope that enabled us to amplify the sample 500 times, he have managed to infer what the animal had eaten in its last instances (days and hours) prior to its death. That is because the marks that come up on the teeth during the animals’ most recent meal somehow erase the ones from previous days.
Portuguese to English: Slapping is a crime, ignorance is cowardness General field: Social Sciences
Source text - Portuguese Um tapinha, um beliscão. Que mal podem fazer? Educar é dar limites. O limite então seria o da dor? Não é sensato nem inteligente associar palmadas e beliscões à educação dos filhos. O projeto de lei assinado pelo presidente Lula na quarta-feira pune qualquer castigo físico em crianças e adolescentes. Alguns pais e mães se revoltaram. São os que se descontrolam com seus filhos. Eles não querem o Estado legislando sobre como devem se comportar em casa. Só não percebem que o tapa fraquinho um dia será mais pesado, e o beliscão deixará uma marca roxa. Isso não é amor. É mau exemplo.
Não adiantou conversar nem gritar. A criança continua fazendo malcriação. O próximo passo é bater. Onde? No bumbum. Ela chora, grita. Mais palmadas, num lugar do corpo que provoque mais dor para ela aprender. Os vizinhos ouvem, quem passa na rua se escandaliza se a cena for pública. Talvez um beliscão faça a criança parar. Ninguém sabe a partir de que idade pais estão livres para dar palmadas, beliscões, apertar o bracinho, torcer o bracinho. Com 2 anos, a criança já sabe que está desobedecendo. Tem consciência disso. Então merece. É preciso planejar também com que idade se deve parar de dar tapas. Talvez quando seu filho tiver força para revidar.
Em que momento as palmadas viram surra? Pode ser o número. Mais de cinco palmadas seguidas, quem sabe, pode se chamar espancamento. Com a mão, é palmada, mas, se pega no rosto, já vira bofetada. Pode abrir o lábio, se pegar de mau jeito. “Ah, foi sem querer.” “Perdi a paciência.” “A criança, ou o adolescente, estava pedindo.” Pais que apelam para castigos físicos precisam reconhecer que são incapazes de educar. Não fazem a menor ideia de que provocar dor só pode ser um recurso inócuo ou nocivo. Não há nenhum efeito positivo na violência contra um filho, mesmo que ela seja leve.
“Dizer como eu devo educar meu filho está fora de cogitação. Mesmo que tiver essa lei, provavelmente eu não vou cumprir”, disse na televisão o consultor de informática João Lopes Antunes.
O tapa fraquinho um dia será um beliscão ou uma marca roxa.
Isso não é amor. É mau exemplo
O objetivo do projeto de lei é garantir o direito de uma criança ou jovem de ser educado sem uso de castigos corporais, definidos como “qualquer ação disciplinar ou punitiva que resulte em dor”. Caso seja aprovado pelo Senado, pais como João Lopes serão considerados infratores se as palmadas forem comprovadas. As penas são advertência, cursos de proteção à família e tratamento psicológico. O projeto criou polêmica. Segundo muitos pais, não leva em conta que cada caso é um caso. Pessoas de bem não querem machucar seus filhos. Mas machucam, física e emocionalmente.
Sou a favor do projeto de lei – mesmo sabendo que não há como descobrir o que pais e mães fazem entre quatro paredes. Os casos que vêm a público são os aterradores, como a procuradora que espancou a menininha adotada por se negar a comer tudo. Está presa. A proposta do governo tem um mérito: provoca a discussão nas famílias, nas escolas e na mídia sobre a palmada como recurso legítimo para mostrar o certo e o errado. Com o debate, pode-se quebrar uma cadeia de violência passada de pai para filho como “exemplo de amor”. Mais ainda, de mãe para filho. No Brasil, segundo a Associação Brasileira de Proteção à Infância e Adolescência, as mães são as maiores responsáveis pelas palmadas: 48,6%, em comparação a 25,2% dos pais. São elas que continuam a ficar mais tempo com os filhos.
Já dei palmadas ou “tapinhas” em meu filho mais velho, hoje com 28 anos. Eu me sentia péssima a cada vez que perdia a paciência. E até hoje me envergonho disso. Quando ele tinha 4 anos, eu o chamei e disse: “Não tente me provocar até a hora da palmada. Desista. Porque nunca mais vou encostar o dedo em você, a não ser para fazer carinho. A partir de agora, será conversa, bronca ou castigo, mas palmada não”. Essa decisão é libertadora. Não bata em seu filho nem de leve. Porque não adianta nada. Infligir propositalmente dor ou medo a uma criança que você ama é crime sim. E covardia.
Translation - English A little slap, a little pinch. What harm can they do? Educating and setting limits. Would the limit then be the same as administering pain?
It is neither sensible nor intelligent to associate slaps and pinches with our children’s education. The legal project signed by president Lula on Wednesday sentences any form of physical punishment in children and teenagers. Some parents were outraged, the ones that lose control with their children. They don’t want the State to legislate their domestic behaviours. They just don’t understand that a mild slap will get heavier one day and that the pinch will leave a red mark. This isn’t love, it’s a bad example.
Neither talking or screaming made a difference, the child continues to misbehave. A beating is the next step. Where? On their bottom. She cries, screams. More slaps, on another body part where it’s more painful for her to learn. The neighbours hear it all, the by-passers are shocked when they witness such a scene in public. Maybe a pinch can make the child stop. Nobody knows what is the right age for the parents to start slapping, pinching, squeezing the arm or twisting the arm.
Children know when they are misbehaving as early as two year old. They are aware of this. Therefore they deserve it. We also need to consider what is the right age for slapping, maybe it’s when your son has enough strength to fight back.
At what point do slaps turn into a beating? This could be down to the number of slaps. More than five consecutive slaps, could be called a beating perhaps. When the hand is used it’s just a slap but when the face is targeted it becomes a beating. It can even split a lip if it’s gone the wrong way “oh, I didn’t mean to”,“ I lost patience”, “the child, or the teenager, was asking for it”. Parents that resort to physical forms of discipline need to admit they are incapable to educate. They haven’t the slightest idea that inflicting pain can only be a pointless or harmful tool. There is no positive effect from using physical violence with children, even if it’s just soft violence.
“Telling me how to educate my son is out of the question. Even if this law was given, I’m probably not going to respect it”, said the Informatics Consultant Joao Lopes Antunes on TV.
A little slap will turn into a pinch or a mark one day. That is not love, it’s a bad example.
The aim of this bill is to guarantee a child’s right to be educated without the use of physical punishment, defined as “any disciplinary or punitive action that generates pain”. If it’s approved by the Senate, parents like Joao Lopes will be deemed offenders if the slaps are proven to have taken place. The sentences will consist of warnings, enrolment in family protection courses and psychological counselling. Normal people do not want to hurt their children, but they end up doing it, physically and emotionally.
I am in favour of the bill, even knowing that it is impossible to find out what fathers and mothers do behind closed doors. The cases visible to the public are terrifying, like the one of the prosecutor who beat her daughter for refusing to finish eating everything. She is now in jail. The governments’ proposal has one merit: it triggers conversations within families, in schools and media over slapping as a legitimate means to show what’s right and what’s wrong. The debate can help break a chain of previous violence passed on from father to son and even mother to son as an example of love. In Brasil, according to the Brazilian Association of Infant and Adolescent Protection, the mothers are the most responsible for the slaps, with 48.6% mothers compared with 25.2% fathers. It is the mothers who spend more time with the children.
I have slapped and smacked my oldest son, who is currently 28 year old. I felt awful every time I lost patience. To this day I am ashamed by this. When he was four I called him over and said: “don’t test my patience until I smack you, give it up. Because I will never lay a finger on you, unless it’s to stroke you. From now on we will talk, you will get a lecture or punishment but not a slap.” This decision is liberating. Don’t ever beat your children not even softly, because it’s completely pointless. Purposely inflicting pain on a child that you love is definitely a crime, it’s cowardice too.
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Bachelor's degree - Birkbeck University of London
Experience
Years of experience: 8. Registered at ProZ.com: Apr 2018.
I am a Spanish/Romanian/Brazilian Portuguese
to English freelance translator, specialising in the Healthcare system having worked in
healthcare management for the past 10 years.
I have a First Honours Degree in
Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American studies from Birkbeck University of
London, a certificate from Cardiff University in “Working with
Translation,Theory and Practice“ and an online certificate in Financial Translation.
My translating experience accumulated over the past 5 years covers a wide range of content spanning healthcare, economy, business, literature, science, marketing, and media often using a combination of advanced research, subject matter expertise (where available) and creative
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I think of the act of translating as an art, the professional satisfaction of it stemming from the challenge of gaging the exact meaning of text in the source language and sifting it through the limitations of the target language to succeed in spite of these in extracting and expressing that meaning in the best possible linguistically and culturally relatable way. To me this process makes for a fully immersive experience that is in many ways unique to the art of translating.
Some samples of my work have been included in the relevant section of my profile and I am always happy to provide more on request.
I am always on the lookout for challenging and fulfilling work so please give me a shout if you are in need of a reliable
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