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Arabic to English: Central currency, origins and current reality
Source text - Arabic كان التعامل النقدي في العصور السابقة على أساس الزاوية المعدنية، حيث كان النقد يعني "قطعة من المعدن الثمين مسكوكة ومختومة من قبل السلطة تستعمل في العمليات التبادلية كافة."
وكان المعدن الثمين الذي اشتهر كنقد في تلك العصور هو الذهب والفضة، ثم قل الاعتماد على الفضة في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر، حيث زالت تقريباً الصفة النقدية عنه وبقي الذهب هو النظام النقدي المعمول به، واستمر التعامل النقدي على أساس القاعدة الذهبية حتى إنه لما ظهرت بعض الأوراق النقدية في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر وأوائل القرن العشرين، كانت تلك الأوراق أوراقاً نائبة عن الذهب بمقدار قيمتها المكتوبة عليها كاملة، أي أن حاملها كان يملك تبديلها بالذهب في أي وقت.
واستمر التعامل على أساس القاعدة الذهبية إلى ما قبيل الحرب العالمية الأولى حيث اضطرت الدول المتحاربة إلى تعليقه، وقامت بسبب ظروف الحرب إلى إصدار أوراق نقدية بدون إلزام المصارف المركزية بتبديلها ذهباً حسب نظام القاعدة الذهبية.
وبعد انتهاء الحرب تداعت الدول إلى عقد مؤتمر جنوة 1922 وقررت العودة إلى نظام القاعدة الذهبية مع بعض التعديل الخفيف، حيث ربطت النقد بالذهب لكنها لم تجعل تبديل الأوراق النائبة بالذهب ميسوراً للأفراد إلا بقيمة معينة من الذهب حددت لها وزناً كحد أدنى، فمن أراد من الأفراد الحصول على الذهب من المصرف المركزي، عليه أن يبدل قيمة الحد الأدنى ـ وهو سبيكة ذهبية بوزن معين ـ حيث يحتفظ المصرف بأرصدته الذهبية بشكل سبائك من وزن معين كحد أدنى، ولقد كان الحد الأدنى في فرنسا مثلاً يساوي وزن (12) كيلو غراماً وسعرها كان (215) ألف فرنك، وهذه كمية كبيرة لذلك لم يعد بمقدور الأفراد الحصول على الذهب الذي حصر استعماله في التجارة الخارجية أو بمن يملكون أوراقاً نقدية بقدر عالٍ مناسب.
Translation - English Currency exchange in past centuries was based on the metallic standard, where currency was defined as "a unit of precious metal, minted and endorsed by an authority, and used in all exchange transactions."
The popular precious metals during those ages were gold and silver. The use of silver as a currency declined towards the end of the nineteenth century, where it almost ceased to be characterized as a currency at all, and gold continued to be the primary currency used. Even after paper currencies began to appear towards the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, they represented a gold value equal to the full value written on them, which meant that anyone holding such papers was able to exchange them into gold at any time.
Transactions continued on the basis of the gold standard until just prior to the First World War, when warring nations were forced to suspend its use. Due to the wartime conditions, they issued banknotes without requiring their central banks to allow their conversion into gold according to the gold standard.
After the war ended, these nations held the Genoa Conference in 1922, where they agreed to return to the gold standard, but with some slight modifications. They kept the currency linked to gold, but did not allow individuals to convert the representative banknotes into gold unless it was a certain minimum value of gold according to weight. Any individual that wished to obtain gold from the central bank needed to meet the minimum request limit, which was gold bullion of a particular weight. The minimum weight in France, for example, was 12 kg, and its price was 215,000 Francs - which was a significant amount. And therefore, most individuals were no longer capable of obtaining gold, which then limited the use of gold to foreign trade and to people who held a sufficiently large amount of banknotes.
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Experience
Years of experience: 20. Registered at ProZ.com: Feb 2014.
Adobe Acrobat, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, Dreamweaver, Frontpage, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Office Pro, Microsoft Word, Pagemaker, Powerpoint, QuarkXPress
Bio
My name is Mazin Jillood, I am fluent in speaking, reading and writing in both English and Arabic (English is mother tongue), and I have worked as a translator both full-time and part-time since 2003. I am well acquainted with nearly all Arabic dialects.
I have worked for a number of companies in Canada and overseas, and my work has always been acknowledged by my clients as the most accurate, grammatically correct, and most fitting for the target audience.
As for the accuracy, I am very particular about ensuring that I meet the requirements of the client, where I will be as literal or as loose as the client requests. And in terms of grammar, I proof read my work very thoroughly, almost to the point of excess. And in terms of producing a translation most fitting for the audience, I always make sure that the final document uses a language level (high school level, university level) that is appropriate according to the expected audience (teens, lawyers, medical professionals).
I take my work very seriously, I work quickly (my typing speed is very high and accurate), and I'm easy going and easy to deal with.
I have previously owned a computer store, and other businesses. Managing my time and working quickly and independently is something I am used to doing. After selling my most recent business, and I am now focusing on my translation career.
Expertise