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Hindi to English: A designer General field: Art/Literary
Source text - Hindi A designer must have a working knowledge of the sciences related to human beings – one’s body, one’s mind and one’s behavior. Apart from those aspects of the sciences of physiology and anatomy which are directly related to design, there are also sciences which deal with human societies and explain the way humans live in a group, the way they behave and think. These particular sciences are called social anthropology psychology respectively. Then a designer must know about special areas of technology related to her/his field of work. She/he must know how various types of tools and machines work, how books, illustrations and similar devices of communication are reproduced and how communication media such as films and television function. Those working on special areas of design must have knowledge of the materials they are going to use (e.g. paper, inks, clay, wood, metals, plastics, all kinds of fabrics, film etc). After acquiring knowledge of the properties and applications of materials, a designer should know the methods of working with them. The designer should also know how things are made out of these materials both by using hand skills and by using machines.
But we cannot conclude our list of skills without mentioning a designer’s most important skill: the ‘method’ of solving a problem of design. Some people in the past – and even today – have wondered whether there really is a design method. In fact, there is no such cut and dry ‘method’. If it at all existed, its closest resemblance would be with the non-linear stages of the learnt design process discussed in Fig.58. Interestingly, this design process has also been called the problem solving process in design. But on the other hand, this certainly is not a method in the sense it cannot be ’employed’, the way a mathematical formula or a cooking recipe is. Far from it.
Translation - English किसी अभिकल्पक को मानव से सम्बन्धित विज्ञान का कार्यकारी अनुभव अवश्य होना चाहिए अर्थात् उसके शरीर का, उसके मस्तिक का और उसके व्यवहार का | इसके अतिरिक्त शरीर विज्ञान एवं उसकी संरचना जो इस अभिकल्प से सीधे सम्बन्धित है, तथा उस विज्ञान का भी जो मानव समाज की व्याख्या करता है, तथा व्यक्त करता है की मनुष्य कैसे समूह में रहता है, और बताता है कि कैसे मनुष्य सोचता और व्यवहार करता है | इन विशेष विज्ञानों को सामाजिक मानवशास्त्र का मनोविज्ञान खा जाता है | किसी भी अभिकल्पक को अपने कार्यक्षेत्र के अन्तर्गत आनेवाले तकनीकी का ज्ञान अवश्य चाहिए उसे निश्चित रूप से जानना चाहिए कि कैसे विभिन्न प्रकार के उपकरण एवं मशीनें काम करती हैं, कैसे पुस्तकें दृष्टान्त और उसी प्रकार के अन्य संचार - संयंत्र पुनर्प्रस्तुत किए जाते हैं और कैसे फिल्म और टेलीविज़न जैसे संचार माध्यम काम करते हैं उन्हें ज्ञान होना चाहिए की किन पदार्थो का प्रयोग कर रहे हैं (जैसे कागज, स्याही, मिटटी, लकड़ी, धातु,प्लास्टिक, सभी प्रकार के वस्त्र, फिल्म) | वस्तुओं की विशेषता और प्रयोग का ज्ञान प्राप्त करने के बाद एक अभिकल्पक को यह भी जानना आवश्यक है कि हाथ से अथवा मशीनो का प्रयोग करके कैसे कोई वस्तु बनायीं जाती है |
परन्तु किसी अभिकल्पक के सर्वप्रमुख कौशल की व्याख्या किए बिना हम कौशल की इस सूची की इतिश्री नहीं कर सकते | पूर्व में कुछ लोग यहाँ तककि आज भी आश्चर्य करते हैं कि किसी डिज़ाइन के तरीके से हुआ है | वास्तव में किसी कार्य के जैसे -तैसे सम्पन्न करना कोई तरीका नहीं है | यदि यह सब कुछ सम्पन्न हो जाए तो चित्र ५८ में सीखी गई परिकल्प पद्धति की विवेचना में सबसे अधिक समानता प्राप्त होगी | यह जानना रुचिकर है कि इस डिज़ाइन पद्धति के किसी डिज़ाइन के तरीके समस्या का समाधान भी कहा जा सकता है | लेकिन दूसरी तरफ निश्चितरूप से ठीक उसी तरह से लागू नही किया जा सकता है जैसे किसी गणितीय सूत्र या पकवान पकाने में | यह इससे एकदम भिन्न है |
Hindi to English: CULTURE & ARCHAEOLOGY General field: Social Sciences Detailed field: Archaeology
Source text - Hindi प्राचीन भारतीय इतिहास, संस्कृति एवं पुरातत्व विभाग इंडोलॉजिकल अध्ययन का एक प्रत्यक्ष वंशज है जिसे विचार के रूप में रविन्द्रनाथके आशीर्वाद के साथ शांति निकेतन में शुरू किया गया और प्रारंभ में पंडितों क्षितिमोहन सेन और विधुशेखर शास्त्री द्वारा 1900 से नहीं बल्कि 1907 से गति दी गई, जब विश्वभारती का विचार कवि के मन में अंकुरित भी नहीं हुआ था. रवीन्द्रनाथ विश्वविद्यालय के रूप में संस्कृति के अपने केंद्र को नामित करने में झिझक रहे थे. "कवि ने 1919 में लिखा कि, शरारत यह है, जैसे ही विश्वविद्यालय का विचार हमारे दिमाग में आता है, कैम्ब्रिज विश्वविद्यालय, ऑक्सफोर्ड विश्वविद्यालय और अन्य यूरोपीय विश्वविद्यालयों के विचार से तत्काल पूरे रिक्त स्थान को भर देता है. हम तब कल्पना करते हैं कि हमारा मोक्ष एक उदार पूर्णता में प्रत्येक का सर्वोत्तम अंक की एक चयन में निहित है."
भारतीय अध्ययन की सीट के अपने रूपरेखा में, परिणाम के लिए कोई अधीर लालसा, प्रतिरूप के लिए कोई दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण कमजोरी, और इसकी बहुत जन्म से ही एक पूर्ण विकसित विश्वविद्यालय के लिए एक अप्राकृतिक इच्छा नहीं थी. विश्व-भारती का विचार एक महान विचार है. यह "केवल भारत के बौद्धिक जीवन का केंद्र ही नहीं, बल्कि उसकी आर्थिक जीवन का केंद्र भी होना चाहिए." लेकिन एक केन्द्राभिमुख शक्ति उत्पन्न करने के लिए सक्षम हुए बिना जो आकर्षित करने और हमारे विविध सांस्कृतिक विरासत और हमारे अपने सभी पदार्थों को समूह बद्ध करेगा, भारतीय संस्कृति का एक पूर्ण और गतिमान गोला का निर्माण एक दूर का सपना बना रहेगा.
फलस्वरूप इसके प्रारंभिक चरण में भारतीय शिक्षा के केंद्र को आकार देने के लिए और भारत को एक बौद्धिक एकता के रूप में स्थापित करने के लिए, विश्व भारती के संस्थापक ने विभिन्न संस्कृतियों- वैदिक, पौराणिक, बौद्ध, जैन, इस्लामी, सिख, पारसी और यूरोपीय, के लिए सह समन्वित अध्ययन की सुविधा प्रदान की, जिससे संस्थान दूसरों की सर्वश्रेष्ठ आत्मसात करने के लिए सक्षम होगा जो प्राचीन भारत में शाश्वत सत्य की घोषणा को प्रदर्शित करेगा या पश्यति सा पश्यति सर्वभूतेषु आत्मवत:- वह अकेला देश्ता है जो सभी मनुष्यों को, अपने स्वयं के रूप में देश्ता है. इस प्रकार विश्व भारती में स्कूल ऑफ़ इन्डोलोजी की नींव पड़ती है, भारतीय इतिहास का पौधा जो कि रवीन्द्रनाथ द्वारा लगाया और देश और विदेश के विद्वानों पोषण किया गया- उनके बीच से सबसे प्रतिष्ठित लोगों में सिल्वेन लेवी, मौरिस विन्तेर्मित्ज़, विन्सेन्ट लेस्नी, स्टेन कोनो, ग्यूसेप टक्की विधुशेखर, क्षितिमोहन सेन, शास्त्री और प्रबोधचंद्र बागची को शामिल किया गया था.
सन 1951 में रवीन्द्रनाथ की विश्वभारती केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालय के रूप में दफ़न हो जैसा की केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालय के दलदल में कवि के अनेकों सपने खो गए थे, स्कूल ऑफ़ आइडियोलॉजी भी समाप्त हो गया था, प्राचीन भारतीय इतिहास और संस्कृति, आधुनिक भारतीय इतिहास, अरबी, फारसी, उर्दू और इस्लामिक स्टडीज, संस्कृत, पाली और प्राकृत, चीनी भाषा और संस्कृति और भारत तिब्बत अध्ययन विभागों के अनेकों टुकड़ों के रूप में प्राचीन भारतीय इतिहास और संस्कृति विभाग, इस प्रकार 1951 में नामित किया गया था, का 1977 में फिर से नामकरण किया गया है, पाठ्यक्रम संरचना के एक घटक के रूप में पुरातत्व की शुरूआत के साथ जैसा कि नामावली अब स्थापित है.
Translation - English The Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology is a direct descendent of Indological studies that were initiated at Santiniketan, with the blessing of Rabindranath, and undertaken by pundits Kshitimohan Sen and Vidhusekhara Sastri in the early 1900s, to be precise 1907 onwards, even when the idea of Visva-Bharati have not had its germination in the mind of the Poet. Rabindranath had hesitation to designate his Centre of Culture as University. "The mischief is that, the Poet wrote as early as 1919, as soon as the idea of a University enters our mind, the idea of a Cambridge University, Oxford University, and a host of other European Universities, rushes in at the same time and fills the whole space. We then imagine that our salvation lies in a selection of the best points of each patched together in an eclectic perfection." In his schemata of the seat of the Indian learning, there were no impatient craving for results, no unfortunate weakness for imitation and an unnatural desire for a full-grown University from its very birth. The idea of Visva-Bharati is a great idea. It "should not only be the centre of the intellectual life of India, but the centre of her economic life also." But without being able to generate a centripetal force that would attract and group together our diverse cultural heritage and all our own materials, the creation of a complete and moving orb of Indian culture will remain a distant dream. Thereby in its formative stage to give shape to the centre of Indian learning and to establish an intellectual unity if India, the Founder of the Visva-Bharati provided for the co-coordinated study of different cultures- the Vedic, the Puranic, the Buddhist, the Jain, the Islamic, the Sikh, the Zoroastrian and the European, which would enable the Institute to assimilate the best of others that would manifest the eternal truth declared in ancient India: ?tmavat savabhutesu ya pasyati sa pasyati - He alone sees, who sees all beings as himself. Herein lies the root of the School of Indology at Visva-Bharati, the sapling of Indian History that was planted by Rabindranath and nourished by scholars from home and abroad- the most distinguished from among them included Sylvain Levi, Maurice Winternitz, Vincent Lesny, Sten Konow, Giuseppe Tucci, Kshitimohan Sen, Vidhusekhara Sastri and Probodhchandra Bagchi
The Visva-Bharati of Rabindranath was coffined in as a central university in 1951.As many of the dreams of the Poet were lost in the quagmire of central university, the school of Ideology was also lost, leaving its fragments as Departments of Ancient Indian History and Culture, Modern Indian History, Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Islamic Studies, Sanskrit, Pali and Prakit, Chinese Language and Culture and Indo-Tibetan Studies.
The Department of Ancient Indian History and Culture, which was thus named in 1951, has been re-christened in 1977, with the introduction of Archaeology as a component of course structure, as the nomenclature now stands.
Hindi to English: legal case General field: Law/Patents Detailed field: Law (general)
Source text - Hindi “स्लेवरी इन एन्शिएन्ट तमिलागम” SCANNED DOCUMENT.
Translation - English Acceptance of rebate has not been approved under section 16 (10) of repealed Bihar Finance Act.
Mr. M. D. Kedia learned counsel for the appellant attended the hearing. His point-wise argument is as follows:
1. He argued that the increase in gross sales amount was due to not providing complete account books by the competent authority, non submission of the full details of the use of statutory forms, not showing separate sales for additional tax imposition before and after the date 21.07.04, prior inspection is against businessman. Based on the above, the appellant was not considered dedicated net sales amount on the ground of table sales and business accounting, therefore gross sales amount was decided for tax assessment with accretion of 20% of sales amount. The learned counsel argues that tax assessment officer has not mentioned anywhere in his order that neither he shown wrong sales amount nor hidden sales. Learned counsel argued that the complete details of usage of statutory forms is imprinted on page No.3 of tax-assessment order, not a cause of accretion in gross sales amount. While this is mentioned in detail in the tax assessment order. Learned counsel says that manufacturing accounts, business accounts and trading account of tax paid goods have been submitted at the time of tax assessment, which is clearly mentioned in tax assessment order. Therefore, this is not justified for accretion in gross sales amount only on the basis of assumption. Learned counsel said that there is no adverse comment imprinted on tax assessment order in the light of submitted returns and above mentioned trading accounts. Learned counsel argued that the accretion being done in gross sales amount, which is arbitrary and without any basis, which is wrong and against several judgements of Honourable Supreme Court. So, it must be repealed.
2. Learned counsel said that appellate company has been granted tax exemption for expansion under departmental notification No.- S.O.-479, for which sales tax exemption was granted on expansion from the duration 6.12.99 to 5.12.07 by certificate No.- 05/2002-03 of Deputy Commissioner Trade tax, Adityapur Zone, Jamshedpur on dated 19.10.2002, in which tax limit is Rs 795.90 lacs. Learned counsel argued that while appellate company has given tax exemption on manufactured goods under expansion during this period, then it should be accepted. It is clear that the learned officer has neither observed the previous records, in which it has been approved, nor original records have been observed. Therefore it was requested by the learned counsel to direct to lower court to grant exemption on this.
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I am a Ph.D. from Banaras Hindu University, having more than 10 years experience in translation, editing, proof reading, etc. Translated several jobs during the period on subjects covering Literature/poetry, Management, Law, Religion, politics, Human resources, accounting, finance, general, etc. Jobs undertaken are- Translation, transcription, Proof Reading, Editing, Interpretation, etc. We work for reputed Indian, Foreign Clients; Agencies in Best Professional, Cost effective and Quality-Conscious manner.
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