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Sample translations submitted: 2
Spanish to English: CT SCAN OF ORBITAL FRACTURES WITH MUSCLE ENTRAPMENT/ HERNIATION IN CHILDREN General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical (general)
Source text - Spanish TC DE LAS FRACTURAS DE ORBITA EN ATRAPAMIENTO/HERNIACION DE MUSCULOS ORBITARIOS EN NIÑOS.
Propósito: Una forma poco frecuente de las fracturas de órbita son las que se acompañan de atrapamiento o herniación de los músculos extraoculares y/ o partes blandas. Reportamos los hallazgos en TC de 5 pacientes con atrapamiento/herniación del recto interno (1 caso) y del recto inferior (4 casos).
Material y métodos: La edad de los pacientes fue de 7a 14 años (promedio 10,5 años), 4:1 sexo masculino. El mecanismo del traumatismo fue por caída de su propia altura, por barral de arco de fútbol, por pelotazo y en dos casos por puñetazo. Todos presentaron edema y hematoma palpebral con limitación en la motilidad ocular; de la supraducción en los 4 casos de fracturas del piso orbitario y de la abeducción en el único caso de fractura de la lámina papirácea del etmoides. Sólo un paciente refirió diplopía y otro presentó vómitos y signos de hipertensión endocraneana.
Resultados: Se realizó TC en todos los casos demostrándose en cuatro, la existencia de fractura del piso de la órbita con atrapamiento del músculo recto inferior y de partes blandas, con opacificación del seno maxilar; parcial (3 casos) y total (1 caso). En el caso con la fractura etmoidal no se visualizaba el músculo recto interno con opacificación de las celdillas etmoidales adyacentes.
Los signos clínicos son diplopía, limitación de la motilidad ocular y en algunos casos pueden presentar un reflejo óculocardíaco. Estas fracturas se evidencian por la no visualización de algún músculo ocular (músculo perdido), un trazo fracturario a través del cual se hernian los músculos extraoculares y/o partes blandas, con opacificación de los senos paranasales. Cuando el trazo de fractura no se identifica, pero si la herniación del contenido orbitario, se puede suponer un mecanismo de puerta trampa.
Conclusión: La TC es el método de elección en la evaluación de las fracturas orbitarias con atrapamiento de músculos y/o partes blandas. El radiólogo debe evaluar la apariencia de los músculos extraoculares y los senos panasales en busca de estas fracturas especiales.
Translation - English CT SCAN OF ORBITAL FRACTURES WITH MUSCLE ENTRAPMENT/ HERNIATION IN CHILDREN.
Purpose: An infrequent form of orbital fractures is that which is accompanied by entrapment or herniation of the extraocular muscles and/or soft tissue. We report the CT scan findings in 5 patients with entrapment/herniation of the internal rectus muscle (1 case) and of the inferior rectus muscle (4 cases).
Materials and methods: The patients were between 7 and 14 years old (average age: 10.5 years) , 4:1 male to female. The mechanism of trauma was by means of fall (1) , sports injury (2), and fist punch (2). All patients had palpebral edema and hematoma with limited ocular motion. Only one patient presented with diplopia and another one had emesis and signs of intracranial hypertension.
Results: CT scan was performed in all cases. In four, an orbital floor fracture was identified with entrapment of the inferior rectus muscle and soft tissues, opacification of the maxillary sinus; partial (3 cases) and total (1 case). In one, an ethmoid fracture was seen and the rectus internal muscle was not visualized. However, opacification of the adjacent ethmoidal air cells was present.
Clinical signs include diplopia, limitation of ocular motion, and in some cases, oculo-cardiac reflex (bradycardia due to forced strabismus).
The findings of these fractures are lack of visualization of an ocular muscle (pseudo-lost muscle), a fracture line through which the extraocular muscles and/or soft tissues herniate, and partial/complete opacification of the paranasal sinuses. When the fracture line is not identified but herniation of orbital content is, a trapdoor mechanism can be assumed. Coronal reconstructions aided in detection of fracture signs.
Conclusion: CT is the method of choice in the evaluation of orbital fractures with muscle and/or soft tissue entrapment. The radiologist must assess the appearance of the extraocular muscles and the paranasal sinuses in search of these special fractures.
English to Spanish: BACTERIAL MENINGITIS IN CHILDREN General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical (general)
Source text - English BACTERIAL MENINGITIS IN CHILDREN
Meningitis is a severe acute infectious disease caused by several microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. Fatality rates associated with this disease can be as low as 2% in infants and children, and as high as 20–30% in neonates and adults. Transient or permanent deafness, or other neurological sequelae, arise in up to a third of survivors. Since their advent, antimicrobial agents have had a profound effect on the clinical course and prognosis of meningitis. However, outcomes have been only modestly improved by advanced medical intensive care technology and the availability of new, very active _-lactam antibiotics. Further mprovements in treatment can result only from a better understanding of the pathophysiological events that occur after activation of the host’s inflammatory pathways by either the bacteria or their products, and of the molecular mechanisms that take part in intravascular coagulation, shock, and the genesis of brain damage.
With the introduction of effective conjugated vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b organisms, the incidence of bacterial meningitis caused by this pathogen has declined by more than 99% in countries that have adopted universal imunisation. This outstanding public health achievement is muted by unavailability of this vaccine worldwide, by the rapid spread of pneumococcal strains with resistance to several commonly used antimicrobial agents, and by the continued epidemics of meningococcal disease in many areas of the developing world. The introduction of conjugated vaccines against seven of the most common and resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in children is expected to reduce the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease, including meningitis, in countries
implementing universal immunisation programmes.
However, 9-valent or 11-valent vaccines will probably be needed to deal with differences in circulating serotypes between geographical areas. Research is now focused on development of meningococcal vaccines with improved immunogenicity against the most prevalent serogroups
worldwide, including group B strains.
Translation - Spanish MENINGITIS BACTERIANA EN NIÑOS
La meningitis es una enfermedad infecciosa aguda causada por diversos microorganismos, incluyendo virus, bacterias, parásitos y hongos. Las tasas de letalidad asociadas con esta enfermedad pueden ser tan bajas como 2% en lactantes y niños, y tan altas como 20-30 % en neonatos y adultos. La sordera transitoria o permanente, u otras secuelas neurológicas, surgen en hasta un tercio de los sobrevivientes. Desde su descubrimiento, los agentes antimicrobianos han tenido un profundo efecto sobre el curso clínico y el pronóstico de la meningitis. Sin embargo, los resultados han sido mejorados sólo modestamente por la tecnología médica avanzada de cuidados intensivos y la disponibilidad de antibióticos beta lactámicos nuevos y muy activos. Otras mejoras en el tratamiento pueden resultar sólo de una mejor comprensión de los hechos fisiopatológicos que ocurren luego de la activación de las vías inflamatorias del huésped ya sea por medio de bacterias o de sus productos, y de los mecanismos moleculares que participan en la coagulación intravascular, shock y el origen del daño cerebral.
Con la introducción de vacunas conjugadas efectivas contra los organismos Haemophilus influenzae tipo b, la incidencia de meningitis bacteriana causada por este patógeno ha disminuido en más de un 99% en los países que han adoptado la inmunización universal. Este logro notable en la salud pública se ha visto apagado por la falta de disponibilidad mundial de esta vacuna, por la rápida difusión de cepas de p resistentes a varios agentes antimicrobianos usados comúnmente, y por las continuas epidemias de enfermedad meningocócica en muchas áreas del mundo en vías de desarrollo. Se espera que la introducción de vacunas conjugadas contra siete de la cepas más comunes y resistentes de Strptococcus pneumoniae causantes de enfermedad invasiva en los niños reduzca la carga de enfermedad invasiva neumocócica, incluyendo la meningitis, en aquellos países que implementen programas universales de inmunización. Sin embargo, se necesitarán vacunas de 9 y 11 valentes para abordar las diferencias en los estereotipos en circulación entre áreas geográficas. La investigación se concentra ahora en el desarrollo de vacunas antimeningocócicas con inmunogenicidad mejorada contra los serogrupos mundiales más prevalentes, incluyendo a las cepas grupo B.
It was because my deep love for The Beatles and their music that at a young age (though not that young as I was already 13 and just starting secondary school) I began to study English and discovered all its magic. I needed to truly understand what their lyrics meant, even the tiniest little detail. And that was how my romance with the language started, and it has never ended. While I was finishing my secondary school, I had to make a really important choice: which career to pursue. Becoming a translator was definitely top of the list, but I also liked Medicine. I finally opted for the former and so I entered the University of Law in Buenos Aires (UBA), where I graduated as a sworn translator in 1986. As such, I have done lots of legal work. I have also been teaching English since I was 19, which I like very much indeed; but I think I found the way to combine my love for both Translation and Medicine, which is specializing in medical translations.
I have solid experience translating, both into English and Spanish, in the following areas: Medicine, Education and Law. And, by the way, I still love The Beatles!
